Professor Neal Millar

Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Science (Immunology & Infection)

Ri Infection Immunity & Inflamma

Research interests

Professor Neal Millar is an Academic Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon specialising in shoulder surgery, having completed shoulder fellowships in Sydney and New York.

His research interest lies in investigating the molecular pathophysiology of tendinopathy; an overuse injury, characterised by tendon pain and weakness with a significant burden of disease.

Past work has highlighted the role of inflammation and cytokines in tendon disease and is currently focused on understanding the role of microRNA in the post transcriptional regulation of collagen synthesis and immediate tissue repair processes implicated in tendinopathy.

Neal's work has been generously funded by the Wellcome Trust, Arthritis Research UK, The Scottish Funding Council, the Chief Scientist Office (CSO) of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates and Scottish Enterprise grants.

Publications

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Number of items: 67.

2024

MacDonald, L. et al. (2024) Synovial tissue myeloid dendritic cell subsets exhibit distinct tissue-niche localization and function in health and rheumatoid arthritis. Immunity, (doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.11.004) (PMID:39609125) (Early Online Publication)

2023

Challoumas, D., Ramasubbu, R., Rooney, E., Seymour-Jackson, E., Putti, A. and Millar, N. (2023) Management of de Quervain’s tenosynovitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 6(10), e233700. (doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.37001) (PMID:37889490) (PMCID:PMC10611995)

Challoumas, D., Crosbie, G., O’Neill, S., Pedret, C. and Millar, N. L. (2023) Effectiveness of exercise treatments with or without adjuncts for lower limb tendinopathies: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis. Sports Medicine - Open, 9, 71. (doi: 10.1186/s40798-023-00616-1) (PMID:37553459) (PMCID:PMC10409676)

Challoumas, D., Zouvani, A., Creavin, K., Murray, E., Crosbie, G., Ng, N. and Millar, N. L. (2023) Determining minimal important differences for patient-reported outcome measures in shoulder, lateral elbow, patellar and Achilles tendinopathies using distribution-based methods. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 24, 158. (doi: 10.1186/s12891-023-06261-9) (PMID:36864412) (PMCID:PMC9979571)

Orchard, K. J.A., Akbar, M., Crower, L. A.N., Cole, J., Millar, N. L. and Raleigh, S. M. (2023) Characterization of histone modifications in late-stage rotator cuff tendinopathy. Genes, 14(2), 496. (doi: 10.3390/genes14020496) (PMID:36833423) (PMCID:PMC9956879)

Wasker, S. V. Z., Challoumas, D., Weng, W., Murrell, G. A.C. and Millar, N. L. (2023) Is neurogenic inflammation involved in tendinopathy? A systematic review. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 9(1), e001494. (doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001494) (PMID:36793930) (PMCID:PMC9923261)

2022

Challoumas, D., Murray, E., Ng, N., Putti, A. and Millar, N. (2022) A meta-analysis of surgical interventions for base of thumb arthritis. Journal of Wrist Surgery, 11(6), pp. 550-560. (doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1743117) (PMID:36504527) (PMCID:PMC9731743)

Edgar, N., Clifford, C., O’Neill, S., Pedret, C., Kirwan, P. D. and Millar, N. L. (2022) A biopsychosocial approach to tendinopathy. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 8, e001326. (doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001326) (PMID:35990762) (PMCID:PMC9345071)

Willmore, E. G., Millar, N. L. and van der Windt, D. (2022) Post-surgical physiotherapy in frozen shoulder: a review. Shoulder and Elbow, 14(4), pp. 438-451. (doi: 10.1177/1758573220965870) (PMID:35846406) (PMCID:PMC9284307)

Docherty, S., Harley, R., McAuley, J. J., Crowe, L. A.N., Padret, C., Kirwan, P. D., Siebert, S. and Millar, N. L. (2022) The effect of exercise on cytokines: implications for musculoskeletal health: a narrative review. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 14(1), 5. (doi: 10.1186/s13102-022-00397-2) (PMID:34991697) (PMCID:PMC8740100)

Millar, N. L. et al. (2022) Frozen shoulder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 8, 59. (doi: 10.1038/s41572-022-00386-2) (PMID:36075904)

2021

Shi, Z. et al. (2021) Targeting the CCR6/CCL20 axis in entheseal and cutaneous inflammation. Arthritis and Rheumatology, 73(12), pp. 2271-2281. (doi: 10.1002/art.41882) (PMID:34081845)

Akbar, M., MacDonald, L. , Crowe, L. A.N., Carlberg, K., Kurowska-Stolarska, M. , Ståhl, P. L., Snelling, S. J.B., McInnes, I. B. and Millar, N. L. (2021) Single cell and spatial transcriptomics in human tendon disease indicate dysregulated immune homeostasis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 80(11), pp. 1494-1497. (doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220256) (PMID:34001518) (PMCID:PMC8522454)

Akbar, M. et al. (2021) Translational targeting of inflammation and fibrosis in frozen shoulder: Molecular dissection of the T cell/IL-17A axis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(39), e210271511. (doi: 10.1073/pnas.2102715118) (PMID:34544860) (PMCID:PMC8488623)

Garcia-Melchor, E., Cafaro, G., MacDonald, L. , Crowe, L. A.N., Sood, S., McLean, M., Fazzi, U., McInnes, I. B. , Akbar, M. and Millar, N. L. (2021) Novel self-amplificatory loop between T cells and tenocytes as a driver of chronicity in tendon disease. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 80(8), pp. 1075-1085. (doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-219335) (PMID:33692018)

Crowe, L. A.N., Melchor, E. G., Murrell, G. A.C., McInnes, I. B. , Akbar, M. and Millar, N. (2021) Stromal ‘activation’ markers do not confer pathogenic activity in tendinopathy. Translational Sports Medicine, 4(2), pp. 268-279. (doi: 10.1002/tsm2.204)

Challoumas, D. and Millar, N. L. (2021) Do we need to improve the reporting of evidence in tendinopathy management? A critical appraisal of systematic reviews with recommendations on strength of evidence assessment. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 7(1), e000920. (doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000920) (PMID:33692904) (PMCID:PMC7907875)

Atherton, C. M. et al. (2021) Vancomycin wrap for anterior cruciate ligament surgery. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(2), pp. 426-434. (doi: 10.1177/0363546520981570) (PMID:33406371) (PMCID:PMC7859666)

Millar, N. L. , Silbernagel, K. G., Thorborg, K., Kirwan, P. D., Galatz, L. M., Abrams, G. D., Murrell, G. A.C., McInnes, I. B. and Rodeo, S. A. (2021) Tendinopathy. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 7, 1. (doi: 10.1038/s41572-020-00234-1) (PMID:33414454)

Challoumas, D. and Millar, N. L. (2021) Risk of bias in systematic reviews of tendinopathy management: are we comparing apples with oranges? Translational Sports Medicine, 4(1), pp. 21-37. (doi: 10.1002/tsm2.196)

Challoumas, D., Pedret, C., Biddle, M., Ng, N. Y. B., Kirwan, P., Cooper, B., Nicholas, P., Wilson, S., Clifford, C. and Millar, N. L. (2021) Management of patellar tendinopathy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised studies. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 7(4), e001110. (doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001110)

2020

Challoumas, D., Biddle, M., McLean, M. and Millar, N. L. (2020) Comparison of treatments for frozen shoulder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 3(12), e2029581. (doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.29581)

Alivernini, S. et al. (2020) Distinct synovial tissue macrophage subsets regulate inflammation and remission in rheumatoid arthritis. Nature Medicine, 26(8), pp. 1295-1306. (doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0939-8) (PMID:32601335)

Akbar, M., Garcia-Melchor, E., Chilaka, S., Little, K. J., Sood, S., Reilly, J. H., Liew, F. Y., McInnes, I. B. and Millar, N. L. (2020) Attenuation of Dupuytren’s fibrosis via targeting of the STAT-1 modulated IL-13RA1 response. Science Advances, 6(28), eaaz8272. (doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz8272) (PMID:32695877) (PMCID:PMC7351483)

Millar, N. L. , Murrell, G. A. C. and Kirwan, P. D. (2020) Time to put down the scalpel? The role of surgery in tendinopathy. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(8), pp. 441-442. (doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101084) (PMID:31653777) (PMCID:PMC7146938)

Tham, A. , McLean, M., Atherton, C. and Millar, N. L. (2020) Treatment of periscapular tendinopathy with radiofrequency coblation: a case report. SAGE Open Medical Case Reports, 8, pp. 1-4. (doi: 10.1177/2050313X20930612) (PMID:32695397) (PMCID:PMC7350035)

Clifford, C., Challoumas, D., Paul, L., Syme, G. and Millar, N. L. (2020) Effectiveness of isometric exercise in the management of tendinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 6(1), e000760. (doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000760) (PMID:32818059) (PMCID:PMC7406028)

2019

Clifford, C., Paul, L., Syme, G. and Millar, N. L. (2019) Isometric versus isotonic exercise for greater trochanteric pain syndrome: a randomised controlled pilot study. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 5(1), e000558. (doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000558) (PMID:31673402) (PMCID:PMC6797310)

Siebert, S. , Millar, N. L. and McInnes, I. B. (2019) Why did IL-23p19 inhibition fail in AS: a tale of tissues, trials or translation? Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 78(8), pp. 1015-1018. (doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213654) (PMID:30297330) (PMCID:PMC6691857)

Finlay, S. et al. (2019) Single-cell Transcriptomic and Functional Analyses Reveal Novel Heterogeneity in Pathogenic Pathways Mediated by Human Synovial Tissue Macrophages. European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) 2019 Congress, Madrid, Spain, 12-15 Jun 2019.

Cagle, P. J., Werner, B., Shukla, D. R., London, D., Parsons, B. O. and Millar, N. L. (2019) Interobserver and intraobserver comparison of imaging glenoid morphology, glenoid version and humeral head subluxation. Shoulder and Elbow, 11(3), pp. 204-209. (doi: 10.1177/1758573218768507) (PMID:31210792)

Millar, N. L. (2019) How does surgery compare to sham surgery or physiotherapy as a treatment for tendinopathy? A systematic review of randomised trials. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 5(1), e000528. (doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000528) (PMID:31191975) (PMCID:PMC6539146)

Akbar, M. et al. (2019) Fibroblast activation and inflammation in frozen shoulder. PLoS ONE, 14(4), e0215301. (doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215301) (PMID:31013287) (PMCID:PMC6478286)

Abraham, A. C. et al. (2019) Targeting the NF-κB signaling pathway in chronic tendon disease. Science Translational Medicine, 11(481), eaav4319. (doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav4319) (PMID:30814338) (PMCID:PMC6534967)

Millar, N. L. , Siebert, S. and McInnes, I. B. (2019) Europe rules on harm from fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Nature, 566(7744), p. 326. (doi: 10.1038/d41586-019-00619-7) (PMID:30783286)

Crowe, L. A.N. et al. (2019) S100A8 & S100A9: alarmin mediated inflammation in tendinopathy. Scientific Reports, 9, 1463. (doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37684-3) (PMID:30728384) (PMCID:PMC6365574)

Challoumas, D., Kirwan, P. D., Borysov, D., Clifford, C., McLean, M. and Millar, N. L. (2019) Topical glyceryl trinitrate for the treatment of tendinopathies: a systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(4), pp. 251-262. (doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099552) (PMID:30301735) (PMCID:PMC6362607)

McLean, M., Hoban, K., Gupta, R., Gibson, A., Brooksbank, A. J., Fazzi, U. G., Arthur, A., Martin, D., Jenkins, P. J. and Millar, N. L. (2019) The epidemiology of acromioclavicular joint excision. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery, 27(1), pp. 1-6. (doi: 10.1177/2309499018816521) (PMID:30798777) (PMCID:PMC6391558)

McLean, M. et al. (2019) Tranexamic acid toxicity in human periarticular tissues. Bone and Joint Research, 8(1), pp. 11-18. (doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.81.BJR-2018-0181.R1) (PMID:30800295) (PMCID:PMC6359888)

2018

Cher, J. Z.B. et al. (2018) Alarmins in frozen shoulder: a molecular association between inflammation and pain. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(3), pp. 671-678. (doi: 10.1177/0363546517741127) (PMID:29190116)

Shields, D. W., Jefferies, J. G., Brooksbank, A. J., Millar, N. and Jenkins, P. J. (2018) Epidemiology of glenohumeral dislocation and subsequent instability in an urban population. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 27(2), pp. 189-195. (doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2017.09.006) (PMID:29133074)

2017

Dean, B. J.F., Dakin, S. G., Millar, N. L. and Carr, A. J. (2017) Review: emerging concepts in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. Surgeon, 15(6), pp. 349-354. (doi: 10.1016/j.surge.2017.05.005) (PMID:28619548) (PMCID:PMC5714045)

Watts, A. E. et al. (2017) MicroRNA29a treatment improves early tendon injury. Molecular Therapy, 25(10), pp. 2415-2426. (doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.07.015) (PMID:28822690)

Akbar, M. et al. (2017) Targeting danger molecules in tendinopathy: the HMGB1/TLR4 axis. RMD Open, 3(2), e000456. (doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2017-000456) (PMID:28879051) (PMCID:PMC5574425)

McLean, M., Whyte, t. and Millar, N. L. (2017) Outerbridge grade IV cartilage lesions in the hip identified at arthroscopy. Annals of Translational Medicine, 5(10), 226. (doi: 10.21037/atm.2017.03.58) (PMID:28603741) (PMCID:PMC5451631)

Millar, N. L. , Murrell, G. A.C. and McInnes, I. B. (2017) Inflammatory mechanisms in tendinopathy - towards translation. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 13(2), pp. 110-122. (doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.213) (PMID:28119539)

Millar, N. L. , O’Donnell, C., McInnes, I. B. and Brint, E. (2017) Wounds that heal and wounds that don’t − the role of the IL-33/ST2 pathway in tissue repair and tumorigenesis. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology, 61, pp. 41-50. (doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.007)

2016

Millar, N. L. et al. (2016) IL-17A mediates inflammatory and tissue remodelling events in early human tendinopathy. Scientific Reports, 6, 27149. (doi: 10.1038/srep27149) (PMID:27263531) (PMCID:PMC4893609)

Hwang, K. R., Murrell, G. A.C., Millar, N. L. , Bonar, F., Lam, P. and Walton, J. R. (2016) Advanced glycation end products in idiopathic frozen shoulders. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 25(6), pp. 981-988. (doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.10.015) (PMID:26776943)

Hackett, L., Millar, N. L. , Lam, P. and Murrell, G. A. C. (2016) Are the symptoms of calcific tendinitis due to neoinnervation and/or neovascularization? Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery: American Volume, 98(3), pp. 186-192. (doi: 10.2106/JBJS.O.00417) (PMID:26842408)

Millar, N. L. , Dean, B. J. and Dakin, S. G. (2016) Inflammation and the continuum model: time to acknowledge the molecular era of tendinopathy. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(23), p. 1486. (doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096419) (PMID:27259752)

2015

Elias-Jones, C.J., Farrow, L., Reilly, J.H., Kerr, S., Meek, R.M.D., Kelly, M.P., Campton, J.L. and Millar, N.L. (2015) Inflammation and neovascularization in hip impingement: not just wear and tear. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(8), pp. 1875-1881. (doi: 10.1177/0363546515588176) (PMID:26078451)

Millar, N. L. , Gilchrist, D., Akbar, M., Reilly, J. H., Kerr, S. C., Campbell, A. L., Murrell, G. A.C., Liew, F. Y., Kurowska-Stolarska, M. and McInnes, I. B. (2015) MicroRNA29a regulates IL-33-mediated tissue remodelling in tendon disease. Nature Communications, 6, 6774. (doi: 10.1038/ncomms7774) (PMID:25857925) (PMCID:PMC4403384)

2014

Campbell, A. L., Smith, N. C., Reilly, J. H., Kerr, S. C., Leach, W. J., Fazzi, U. G., Rooney, B. P., Murrell, G. A.C. and Millar, N. L. (2014) IL-21 receptor expression in human tendinopathy. Mediators of Inflammation, 2014(481206), pp. 1-7. (doi: 10.1155/2014/481206)

2013

Millar, N. , Murrell, G.A.C. and McInnes, I. (2013) Alarmins in tendinopathy: unravelling new mechanisms in a common disease. Rheumatology, 52(5), pp. 769-779. (PMID:23362223)

Millar, N.L. , Gilchrist, D.S., Kurowska-Stolarska, M. , Murrell, G.A.C. and McInnes, I. B. (2013) The Interleukin 33/miR29 Axis Regulates Differential Collagen Production in Tendinopathy. In: EULAR 2013: Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, Madrid, Spain, 12-15 June 2013, p. 140.

Millar, N. L. , Gilchrist, D. S., Kurowska-Stolarska, M. , Murrell, G. A.C. and McInnes, I. (2013) The Interleukin 33/miR29 Axis Regulates Differential Collagen Production in Tendinopathy. In: 77th Annual Meeting of the American College of Rheumatology / 48th Annual Meeting of the Association of Rheumatology Health Professionals, San Diego, CA, 26-30 Oct 2013., S405.

2012

Millar, N.L. and Murrell, G.A.C. (2012) Heat shock proteins in tendinopathy: novel molecular regulators. Mediators of Inflammation, 2012, p. 436203. (doi: 10.1155/2012/436203)

Millar, N.L. , Reilly, J.H., Kerr, S.C., Campbell, A.L., Little, K.J., Leach, W.J., Rooney, B.P., Murrell, G.A.C. and McInnes, I.B. (2012) Hypoxia: a critical regulator of early human tendinopathy. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 71(2), pp. 302-310. (doi: 10.1136/ard.2011.154229) (PMID:21972243)

2011

Hueber, A. J., Alves-Filho, J. C., Asquith, D. L., Michels, C., Millar, N. L. , Reilly, J. H., Graham, G. J. , Liew, F. Y., Miller, A. M. and McInnes, I. B. (2011) IL-33 induces skin inflammation with mast cell and neutrophil activation. European Journal of Immunology, 41(8), pp. 2229-2237. (doi: 10.1002/eji.201041360) (PMID:21674479)

Kurowska-Stolarska, M. et al. (2011) MicroRNA-155 as a proinflammatory regulator in clinical and experimental arthritis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(27), pp. 11193-11198. (doi: 10.1073/pnas.1019536108) (PMID:21690378)

Zaiss, M. M. et al. (2011) IL-33 shifts the balance from osteoclast to alternatively activated macrophage differentiation and protects from TNF-α–mediated bone loss. Journal of Immunology, 186(11), pp. 6097-6105. (doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003487) (PMID:21515798)

2010

Millar, N.L. , Halai, M., McKenna, R., McGraw, I.G., Millar, L.L. and Hadidi, M. (2010) Uncemented ceramic-on-ceramic THA in adults with osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Orthopedics, 33(11), p. 795.

Millar, N.L. , Hueber, A.J., Reilly, J.H., Xu, Y., Fazzi, U.G., Murrell, G.A.C. and McInnes, I.B. (2010) Inflammation is present in early human tendinopathy. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(10), pp. 2085-2091. (doi: 10.1177/0363546510372613) (PMID:20595553)

2009

Millar, N.L. , Wei, A.Q., Molloy, T.J., Bonar, F. and Murrell, G.A.C. (2009) Cytokines and apoptosis in supraspinatus tendinopathy. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery: British Volume, 91(3), pp. 417-424. (doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.91B3.21652)

Millar, N., Bradley, T., Walsh, N., Appleyard, R., Tyler, M. and Murrell, G. (2009) Frog glue enhances rotator cuff repair in a laboratory cadaveric model. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 18(4), pp. 639-645.

Millar, N., Wu, X., Tantau, R., Silverstone, E. and Murrell, G. (2009) Open versus Two Forms of Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 467(4), pp. 966-978.

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