Dr Gillian Douce

Senior Lecturer (Bacteriology)

telephone: 01413302842
email: Gillian.Douce@glasgow.ac.uk

RB227 Level B2, Iii - Gbrc, University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA

Research interests

- Wellcome Trust and BBSRC funded projects studying the structure and function of the #Cdiff S-layer with Dr Gillian Douce and others.

The main focus the group is the study of host/pathogen interactions with the ultimate goal of identifying targets for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of disease.

Clostridium difficile

C. difficile is a bacterium that particularly affects elderly and hospitalised patients, causing chronic and relapsing diarrhoea, which can kill. Infection occurs when indigenous bacteria are destroyed as a consequence of antibiotic use, given to treat other unrelated infections. The removal of these ‘friendly’ bacteria leaves the colon vulnerable to C. difficile colonisation and provides a niche in which they can flourish. Once established, the bacterium releases two powerful toxins which are responsible for damaging the gut and causing diarrhoea. In addition, the bacteria produce spores which are metabolically inactive and can survive long term in the environment. It is the subsequent contamination of inanimate surfaces that leads to the further spread of the infection to vulnerable patients.

Our research programmes focus on two aspects of this infection; firstly pathogenesis or the study of the infection process and secondly translation of this information to improve treatment.

In particular, we are interested in where and how the organism interacts with the host (localisation of the organism) and the specific genes that are involved in this process. To improve our understanding of these interactions, we have marked the bacteria with a tag that makes them fluoresce. This tag has been adapted from a protein previously found in plants, which is involved in light capture. The advantage of this domain known as LOV (light, oxygen or voltage) is that it is functionally active in the anaerobic environment of the gut. Currently, we are coupling this methodology with the creation of genetic mutants of C. difficile to allow us to determine which specific genes are essential for binding to and multiplication within the colon. We can also mark individual proteins with this tag. This is allowing us to more clearly define when particular virulence traits are made and their contribution to the disease process. We are also considering whether specific by–products of C. difficile growth can modify the ‘friendly bacteria’ or microbiome of the gut and as a consequence influence susceptibility to subsequent infections.

A second focus remains the development of preventative or therapeutic treatments for C. difficile. In collaboration with Novartis we have generated and tested several vaccines based on combinations of specific fragments from the two dominant toxins, Toxin A and B. This work has led to the identification of a formulation that appears to prevent or limit diarrhoeal symptoms. In addition, we are testing whether inclusion of possible ‘adhesion’ proteins within this formulation could limit colonisation and prevent infection initiation.

In collaboration with the Scottish Salmonella Shigella and C. difficile Reference Laboratory (SSSCDRL), we are considering the changing epidemiology of this infection, including the appearance and tracking of new virulent strains of the organism.

Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli

In collaboration with the Roe group (UoG), we are also involved in the identification and evaluation of bacterial targets to both prevent (through vaccination) and treat (through drug development) EHEC infections.

Publications

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Number of items: 82.

2024

Wale, K. R., O'Boyle, N., McHugh, R. , Serrano, E. , Mark, D. , Douce, G. R. , Connolly, J. P.R. and Roe, A. J. (2024) A master regulator of central carbon metabolism directly activates virulence gene expression in attaching and effacing pathogens. PLoS Pathogens, 20(10), e101245. (doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012451) (PMID:39405360) (PMCID:PMC11508082)

Rimbi, P. T., O'Boyle, N., Douce, G. R. , Pizza, M., Rosini, R. and Roe, A. J. (2024) Enhancing a multi-purpose artificial urine for culture and gene expression studies of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 135(4), lxae067. (doi: 10.1093/jambio/lxae067) (PMID:38486355)

2023

McIntyre, K. , Sherry, L. , Stapleton, G. , Latkovskis, I., McDonnell, N. , Nibbs, R. , Douce, G. and Milling, S. (2023) Can Virtual Reality (VR) enhance students’ learning experience? Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 11(3), pp. 3-9. (doi: 10.56433/jpaap.v11i3.573)

Kiu, R. et al. (2023) Particular genomic and virulence traits associated with preterm infant-derived toxigenic Clostridium perfringens strains. Nature Microbiology, 8(6), pp. 1160-1175. (doi: 10.1038/s41564-023-01385-z) (PMID:37231089) (PMCID:PMC10234813)

Ormsby, M. J. et al. (2023) An intact S-layer is advantageous to Clostridioides difficile within the host. PLoS Pathogens, 19(6), e1011015. (doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011015) (PMID:37384772) (PMCID:PMC10310040)

Stapleton, G. , McIntyre, K. , Sherry, L. , Douce, G. , Milling, S. , Nibbs, R. , Latkovskis, I., Donald, C. and McDonnell, N. (2023) ‘I felt as if I was there’ - Can Virtual Reality (VR) Enhance Students’ Learning Experience of Immunology Teaching? AMEE Glasgow 2023, Glasgow, UK, 26-30 August 2023.

McIntyre, K. , Stapleton, G. , Sherry, L. , Donald, C. , Milling, S. , Nibbs, R. , Douce, G. , Latkovskis, I. and McDonnell, N. (2023) ‘I felt as if I was there’ - Can Virtual Reality (VR) Enhance Students’ Learning Experience of Immunology Teaching? 16th Annual University of Glasgow Learning and Teaching Conference, 29 Mar 2023. (Unpublished)

O'Boyle, N., Douce, G. R. , Farrell, G., Rattray, N. J. W., Schembri, M. A., Roe, A. J. and Connolly, J. P.R. (2023) Distinct ecological fitness factors coordinated by a conserved Escherichia coli regulator during systemic bloodstream infection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(1), e2212175120. (doi: 10.1073/pnas.2212175120) (PMID:36574699) (PMCID:PMC9910484)

2022

Fillol-Salom, A., Rostøl, J. T., Ojiogu, A. D., Chen, J., Douce, G. , Humphrey, S. and Penadés, J. R. (2022) Bacteriophages benefit from mobilizing pathogenicity islands encoding immune systems against competitors. Cell, 185(17), 3248-3262.e20. (doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.014) (PMID:35985290)

Lanzoni-Mangutchi, P. et al. (2022) Structure and assembly of the S-layer in C. difficile. Nature Communications, 13, 970. (doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28196-w) (PMID:35217634) (PMCID:PMC8881574)

2021

Carpena, N. , Richards, K., Bello Gonzalez, T. D. J., Bravo-Blas, A., Housden, N. G., Gerasimidis, K. , Milling, S. W.F. , Douce, G. , Malik, D. J. and Walker, D. (2021) Targeted delivery of narrow-spectrum protein antibiotics to the lower gastrointestinal tract in a murine model of Escherichia coli colonization. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 670535. (doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.670535) (PMID:34721311) (PMCID:PMC8551963)

Albuquerque, C., Pagnossin, D., Landsgaard, K., Simpson, J., Brown, D., Irvine, J., Candlish, D., Ridyard, A. E. , Douce, G. and Millins, C. (2021) The duration of antibiotic treatment is associated with carriage of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of Clostridioides difficile in dogs. PLoS ONE, 16(5), e0245949. (doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245949) (PMID:33979349) (PMCID:PMC8115768)

2020

Hulme, H. et al. (2020) Microbiome-derived carnitine mimics as novel mediators of gut-brain axis communication. Science Advances, 6(11), eaax6328. (doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aax6328) (PMID:32195337) (PMCID:PMC7065903)

Aubry, A. et al. (2020) In vitro production and immunogenicity of a Clostridium difficile spore-specific BclA3 glycopeptide conjugate vaccine. Vaccines, 8(1), 73. (doi: 10.3390/vaccines8010073) (PMID:32046000) (PMCID:PMC7157674)

Jukes, C., Ijaz, U. Z. , Buckley, A., Spencer, J., Irvine, J., Li, J. V., Marchesi, J. R., Candlish, D. and Douce, G. (2020) Bile salt metabolism is not the only factor contributing to Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile disease severity in the murine model of disease. Gut Microbes, 11(3), pp. 481-496. (doi: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1678996) (PMID:31793403) (PMCID:PMC7524298)

2019

Riley, T.V., Lyras, D. and Douce, G.R. (2019) Status of vaccine research and development for Clostridium difficile. Vaccine, 37(50), pp. 7300-7306. (doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.02.052) (PMID:30902484)

Dingle, K. E. et al. (2019) A role for tetracycline selection in recent evolution of agriculture-associated Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078. mBio, 10(2), e02790-18. (doi: 10.1128/mBio.02790-18) (PMID:30862754) (PMCID:PMC6414706)

2018

Connolly, J. P.R. et al. (2018) Host-associated niche metabolism controls enteric infection through fine-tuning the regulation of type 3 secretion. Nature Communications, 9, 4187. (doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06701-4) (PMID:30305622) (PMCID:PMC6180029)

2017

Kirk, J. A., Gebhart, D., Buckley, A. M., Lok, S., Scholl, D., Douce, G. R. , Govoni, G. R. and Fagan, R. P. (2017) New class of precision antimicrobials redefines role of Clostridium difficile S-layer in virulence and viability. Science Translational Medicine, 9(406), eaah6813. (doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aah6813) (PMID:28878013) (PMCID:PMC5603275)

de Vries, S. P.W. et al. (2017) Analysis of Campylobacter jejuni infection in the gnotobiotic piglet and genome-wide identification of bacterial factors required for infection. Scientific Reports, 7, 44283. (doi: 10.1038/srep44283) (PMID:28281647) (PMCID:PMC5345035)

2016

Huerta-Uribe, A. et al. (2016) Identification and characterization of novel compounds blocking Shiga toxin expression in Escherichia coli O157:H7. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1930. (doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01930) (PMID:27965652) (PMCID:PMC5127787)

McCaughey, L. C., Ritchie, N. D., Douce, G. R. , Evans, T. J. and Walker, D. (2016) Efficacy of species-specific protein antibiotics in a murine model of acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. Scientific Reports, 6, 30201. (doi: 10.1038/srep30201) (PMID:27444885) (PMCID:PMC4957109)

Buckley, A. M., Jukes, C., Candlish, D., Irvine, J. J., Spencer, J., Fagan, R. P., Roe, A. J. , Christie, J. , Fairweather, N. F. and Douce, G. R. (2016) Lighting up Clostridium Difficile: reporting gene expression using fluorescent Lov domains. Scientific Reports, 6, 23463. (doi: 10.1038/srep23463) (PMID:26996606) (PMCID:PMC4800718)

Nale, J. Y., Spencer, J., Hargreaves, K., Buckley, A. B., Trzepiński, P., Douce, G. R. and Clokie, M. (2016) Bacteriophage combinations significantly reduce clostridium difficile growthIn vitroand proliferation in vivo. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 60(2), pp. 968-981. (doi: 10.1128/aac.01774-15) (PMID:26643348) (PMCID:PMC4750681)

2015

Buckley, A. M., Petersen, J., Roe, A. J. , Douce, G. R. and Christie, J. M. (2015) LOV-based reporters for fluorescence imaging. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 27, pp. 39-45. (doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.05.011) (PMID:26087123)

2014

Scott, C. L., Murray, T. F.P. Z., Beckham, K. S.H., Douce, G. and Mowat, A. M. (2014) Signal Regulatory Protein alpha (SIRPα) regulates the homeostasis of CD103+CD11b+DCs in the intestinal lamina propria. European Journal of Immunology, 44(12), pp. 3658-3668. (doi: 10.1002/eji.201444859) (PMID:25236797) (PMCID:PMC4284040)

Bakker, D., Buckley, A.M., de Jong, A., van Winden, V.J.C., Verhoeks, J.P.A., Kuipers, O.P., Douce, G.R. , Kuijper, E.J., Smits, W.K. and Corver, J. (2014) The HtrA-like protease CD3284 modulates virulence of clostridium difficile. Infection and Immunity, 82(10), pp. 4222-4232. (doi: 10.1128/IAI.02336-14) (PMID:25047848) (PMCID:PMC4187886)

Faulds-Pain, A., Twine, S. M., Vinogradov, E., Strong, P. C. R., Dell, A., Buckley, A. M., Douce, G. R. , Valiente, E., Logan, S. M. and Wren, B. W. (2014) The post-translational modification of theClostridium difficileflagellin affects motility, cell surface properties and virulence. Molecular Microbiology, 94(2), pp. 272-289. (doi: 10.1111/mmi.12755) (PMID:25135277) (PMCID:PMC4441256)

Beckham, K. S.H. et al. (2014) The metabolic enzyme AdhE controls the virulence of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Molecular Microbiology, 93(1), pp. 199-211. (doi: 10.1111/mmi.12651) (PMID:24846743) (PMCID:PMC4249723)

Spencer, J., Leuzzi, R., Buckley, A., Irvine, J., Candlish, D., Scarselli, M. and Douce, G. R. (2014) Vaccination against Clostridium difficile using toxin fragments. Gut Microbes, 5(2), pp. 225-232. (doi: 10.4161/gmic.27712) (PMID:24637800) (PMCID:PMC4063849)

2013

He, M. et al. (2013) Emergence and global spread of epidemic healthcare-associated clostridium difficile. Nature Genetics, 45(1), pp. 109-113. (doi: 10.1038/ng.2478)

Buckley, A.M., Spencer, J., MacLellan, L.M., Candlish, D., Irvine, J.J. and Douce, G.R. (2013) Susceptibility of hamsters to clostridium difficile isolates of differing toxinotype. PLoS ONE, 8(5), e64121. (doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064121) (PMID:23704976) (PMCID:PMC3660315)

Leuzzi, R. et al. (2013) Protective efficacy induced by recombinant Clostridium difficile toxin fragments. Infection and Immunity, 81(8), pp. 2851-2860. (doi: 10.1128/IAI.01341-12)

2011

Buckley, A.M., Spencer, J., Candlish, D., Irvine, J.J. and Douce, G.R. (2011) Infection of hamsters with the UK clostridium difficile ribotype 027 outbreak strain R20291. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 60(8), pp. 1174-1180. (doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.028514-0)

Koehler, T.M. et al. (2011) The anti-sigma factor TcdC modulates hypervirulence in an epidemic BI/NAP1/027 clinical isolate of Clostridium difficile. PLoS Pathogens, 7(10), e1002317. (doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002317)

2010

Douce, G., Ross, K., Cowan, G., Ma, J. and Mitchell, T.J. (2010) Novel mucosal vaccines generated by genetic conjugation of heterologous proteins to pneumolysin (PLY) from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Vaccine, 28(18), pp. 3231-3237. (doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.014)

Douce, G.R. and Goulding, D. (2010) Refinement of the Hamster Model of Clostridium difficile Disease. In: Clostridium difficile. Series: Methods in Molecular Biology, 646. Springer, pp. 215-227. ISBN 978-1-60327-364-0 (doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-365-7_14)

2009

Goulding, D., Thompson, H., Emerson, J., Fairweather, N. F., Dougan, G. and Douce, G.R. (2009) Distinctive Profiles of Infection and Pathology in Hamsters Infected with Clostridium difficile Strains 630 and B1. Infection and Immunity, 77(12), pp. 5478-5485. (doi: 10.1128/IAI.00551-09)

2007

Orr, B., Douce, G. , Baillie, S., Parton, R. and Coote, J. (2007) Adjuvant effects of adenylate cyclase toxin of Bordetella pertussis after intranasal immunisation of mice. Vaccine, 25, pp. 64-71. (doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.019)

2006

Foucher, A.L., McIntosh, A., Douce, G. , Wastling, J., Tait, A. and Turner, C.M.R. (2006) A proteomic analysis of arsenical drug resistance in Trypanosoma brucei. Proteomics, 6(9), pp. 2726-2732. (doi: 10.1002/pmic.200500419)

Kirkham, L.A., Kerr, A., Douce, G. , Paterson, G.K., Dilts, D.A., Liu, D.F. and Mitchell, T.J. (2006) Construction and immunological characterization of a novel nontoxic protective pneumolysin mutant for use in future pneumococcal vaccines. Infection and Immunity, 74(1), pp. 586-593. (doi: 10.1128/IAI.74.1.586-593.2006)

Foucher, A., McIntosh, A., Douce, G., Wastling, J., Tait, A. and Turner, C. (2006) A proteomic analysis of arsenical drug resistance in Trypanosoma brucei. Proteomics, 6, pp. 2726-2732. (doi: 10.1002/pmic.200500419)

2001

Pizza, M., Giuliani, M., Fontana, M., Monaci, E., Douce, G. , Dougan, G., Mills, K., Rappuoli, R. and Del Giudice, G. (2001) Mucosal vaccines: non toxic derivatives of LT and CT as mucosal adjuvants. Vaccine, 19, pp. 2534-2541.

Stratford, R., Douce, G. , Bowe, F. and Dougan, G. (2001) A vaccination strategy incorporating DNA priming and mucosal boosting using tetanus toxin fragment C (TetC). Vaccine, 20, pp. 516-525.

2000

Stratford, R., Douce, G. , Zhang-Barber, L., Fairweather, N., Eskola, J. and Dougan, G. (2000) Influence of codon usage on the immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine against tetanus. Vaccine, 19(7-8), pp. 810-815. (doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00246-2)

Pizza, M., Giuliani, M. M., Fontana, M. R., Douce, G. , Dougan, G. and Rappuoli, R. (2000) LTK63 and LTR72, two mucosal adjuvants ready for clinical trials. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 290(4-5), pp. 455-461. (doi: 10.1016/S1438-4221(00)80064-8)

Falero-Diaz, G., Challacombe, S., Banerjee, D., Douce, G. , Boyd, A. and Ivanyi, J. (2000) Intranasal vaccination of mice against infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine, 18(28), pp. 3223-3229. (doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00134-1)

Falero-Diaz, G., Challacombe, S., Rahman, D., Mistry, M., Douce, G. , Dougan, G., Acosta, A. and Ivanyi, J. (2000) Transmission of IgA and IgG monoclonal antibodies to mucosal fluids following intranasal or parenteral delivery. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 122(2), pp. 143-150. (doi: 10.1159/000024370)

Dougan, G., Ghaem-Maghami, M., Pickard, D., Frankel, G., Douce, G. , Clare, S., Dunstan, S. and Simmons, C. (2000) The immune responses to bacterial antigens encountered in vivo at mucosal surfaces. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 355(1397), pp. 705-712. (doi: 10.1098/rstb.2000.0610)

Sydenham, M., Douce, G. , Bowe, F., Ahmed, S., Chatfield, S. and Dougan, G. (2000) Salmonella enterica Serovar TyphimuriumsurA mutants are attenuated and effective live oral vaccines. Infection and Immunity, 68(3), pp. 1109-1115. (doi: 10.1128/IAI.68.3.1109-1115.2000)

1999

Rappuoli, R., Pizza, M., Douce, G. and Dougan, G. (1999) Structure and mucosal adjuvanticity of cholera and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxins. Immunology Today, 20(11), pp. 493-500. (doi: 10.1016/S0167-5699(99)01523-6)

Ward, S. J., Douce, G. , Dougan, G. and Wren, B. W. (1999) Local and systemic neutralizing antibody responses induced by intranasal immunization with the nontoxic binding domain of toxin A from Clostridium difficile. Infection and Immunity, 67(10), pp. 5124-5132.

Douce, G. , Giannelli, V., Pizza, M., Lewis, D., Everest, P., Rappuoli, R. and Dougan, G. (1999) Genetically detoxified mutants of heat-labile toxin from Escherichia coli are able to act as oral adjuvants. Infection and Immunity, 67(9), pp. 4400-4406.

Everest, P., Ketley, J., Hardy, S., Douce, G. , Khan, S., Shea, J., Holden, D., Maskell, D. and Dougan, G. (1999) Evaluation of Salmonella typhimurium mutants in a model of experimental gastroenteritis. Infection and Immunity, 67(6), pp. 2815-2821.

Higgins, L. M., Frankel, G., Douce, G. , Dougan, G. and MacDonald, T. T. (1999) Citrobacter rodentium infection in mice elicits a mucosal Th1 cytokine response and lesions similar to those in murine inflammatory bowel disease. Infection and Immunity, 67(6), pp. 3031-3039.

Ward, S. J., Douce, G. , Figueiredo, D., Dougan, G. and Wren, B. W. (1999) Immunogenicity of a Salmonella typhimurium aroA aroD vaccine expressing a nontoxic domain of Clostridium difficile toxin A. Infection and Immunity, 67(5), pp. 2145-2152.

1998

Douce, G. , Giulianit, M. M., Giannelli, V., Pizza, M. G., Rappuoli, R. and Dougan, G. (1998) Mucosal immunogenicity of genetically detoxified derivatives of heat labile toxin from Escherichia coli. Vaccine, 16(11-12), pp. 1065-1073. (doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(98)80100-X)

Giuliani, M.M., Del Giudice, G., Giannelli, V., Dougan, G., Douce, G. , Rappuoli, R. and Pizza, M. (1998) Mucosal adjuvanticity and immunogenicity of LTR72, a novel mutant of escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin with partial knockout of ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 187(7), pp. 1123-1132. (doi: 10.1084/jem.187.7.1123)

Adu-Bobie, J., Frankel, G., Bain, C., Goncalves, A.G., Trabulsi, L.R., Douce, G. , Knutton, S. and Dougan, G. (1998) Detection of intimins alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, four intimin derivatives expressed by attaching and effacing microbial pathogens. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36(3), pp. 662-668.

Marchetti, M. et al. (1998) Protection against Helicobacter pylori infection in mice by intragastric vaccination with H. pylori antigens is achieved using a non-toxic mutant of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) as adjuvant. Vaccine, 16(1), pp. 33-37. (doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(97)00153-9)

1997

Douce, G. , Fontana, M., Pizza, M., Rappuoli, R. and Dougan, G. (1997) Intranasal immunogenicity and adjuvanticity of site-directed mutant derivatives of cholera toxin. Infection and Immunity, 65(7), pp. 2821-8.

Douce, G. , Pizza, M.G., Roberts, M., Rappuoli, R. and Dougan, G. (1997) Mutant pertussis and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxins as adjuvants for enhancing local and systemic immune responses to coadministered, nonliving antigens. In: Levine, M.M., Woodrow, G.C., Kaper, J.B. and Cobon, G.S. (eds.) New Generation Vaccines. Marcel/Decker: New York, NY, pp. 253-262. ISBN 9780824700614

Ward, S. J., Douce, G. , Dougan, G. and Wren, B. W. (1997) Delivery of non-toxic fragments of Clostridium difficile toxin A to the mucosal immune system. Reviews in Medical Microbiology, 8(Sup 1), S34-S36. (doi: 10.1097/00013542-199712001-00016)

1996

Frankel, G., Phillips, A. D., Novakova, M., Field, H., Candy, D. C.A., Schauer, D. B., Douce, G. and Dougan, G. (1996) Intimin from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli restores murine virulence to a Citrobacter rodentium eaeA mutant: induction of an immunoglobulin A response to intimin and EspB. Infection and Immunity, 64(12), pp. 5315-5325.

Everest, P. , Li, J., Douce, G. , Charles, I., De Azavedo, J., Chatfield, S., Dougan, G. and Roberts, M. (1996) Role of the Bordetella pertussis P.69/pertactin protein and the P.69/pertactin RGD motif in the adherence to and invasion of mammalian cells. Microbiology, 142(11), pp. 3261-3268. (doi: 10.1099/13500872-142-11-3261)

Di Tommaso, A., Saletti, G., Pizza, M., Rappuoli, R., Dougan, G., Abrignani, S., Douce, G. and De Magistris, M.T. (1996) Induction of antigen-specific antibodies in vaginal secretions by using a nontoxic mutant of heat-labile enterotoxin as a mucosal adjuvant. Infection and Immunity, 64(3), pp. 974-979.

Douce, G. , Roberts, M., Fowler, I., Cropley, M., Pizza, M.G., Rappuoli, R. and Dougan, G. (1996) Toxins and toxoids as mucosal immunogens and adjuvants. Bacterial Protein Toxins, 74,

1995

Rappuoli, R., Douce, G. , Dougan, G. and Pizza, M. (1995) Genetic detoxification of bacterial toxins: a new approach to vaccine development. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 108(4), pp. 327-33. (doi: 10.1159/000237176)

Roberts, M., Bacon, A., Rappuoli, R., Pizza, M., Cropley, I., Douce, G. , Dougan, G., Marinaro, M., McGhee, J. and Chatfield, S. (1995) A mutant pertussis toxin molecule that lacks ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, PT-9K/129G, is an effective mucosal adjuvant for intranasally delivered proteins. Infection and Immunity, 63(6), pp. 2100-2108.

Lodge, J., Douce, G.R. , Amin, I.I., Bolton, A.J., Martin, G.D., Chatfield, S., Dougan, G., Brown, N.L. and Stephen, J. (1995) Biological and genetic characterization of TnphoA mutants of Salmonella typhimurium TML in the context of gastroenteritis. Infection and Immunity, 63(3), pp. 762-769.

Douce, G. , Turcotte, C., Cropley, I., Roberts, M., Pizza, M., Domenghini, M., Rappuoli, R. and Dougan, G. (1995) Mutants of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin lacking ADP-ribosyltransferase activity act as nontoxic, mucosal adjuvants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92(5), pp. 1644-1648. (doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.5.1644)

Cropley, I., Douce, G. , Roberts, M., Chatfield, S., Pizza, M., Marsili, I., Rappuoli, R. and Dougan, G. (1995) Mucosal and systemic immunogenicity of a recombinant, non-ADP-ribosylating pertussis toxin: effects of formaldehyde treatment. Vaccine, 13(17), pp. 1643-1648. (doi: 10.1016/0264-410X(95)00134-M)

1994

Amin, I.I., Douce, G.R. , Osborne, M.P. and Stephen, J. (1994) Quantitative studies of invasion of rabbit ileal mucosa by Salmonella typhimurium strains which differ in virulence in a model of gastroenteritis. Infection and Immunity, 62(2), pp. 569-578.

Douce, G. , Cropley, I., Roberts, M., Fairweather, N., Chatfield, S. and Dougan, G. (1994) A role for toxins in the development of oral vaccine. In: Freer, J., Aitken, R., Alouf, J. E. and Boulnois, G. J. (eds.) Bacterial Protein Toxins: Sixth European Workshop, Stirling, June 27-July 2, 1993. Series: FEMS Symposium, 24 (73). Gustav Fischer Verlag, pp. 474-483. ISBN 9783437115356

1993

Chatfield, S., Roberts, M., Londono, P., Cropley, I., Douce, G. and Dougan, G. (1993) The development of oral vaccines based on live attenuated Salmonella strains. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 7(1), pp. 1-7. (doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.1993.tb00374.x)

Roberts, M., Cropley, I., Chatfield, S., Douce, G. and Dougan, G. (1993) Protection of mice against B. pertussis infection by intranasal immunization with P.69 or FHA. Biologicals, 21(1), p. 40. (doi: 10.1006/biol.1993.1039)

Amin, I. I., Douce, G. R. , Osborne, M. P. and Stephen, J. (1993) Invasion of ileal mucosa by strains of Salmonella typhimurium: quantitative studies in vitro. In: Cabello, F., Hormaeche, C., Mastroeni, P. and Bonina, L. (eds.) The Biology of Salmonella. Series: NATO ASI Series (245). Plenum Press, pp. 399-400. ISBN 9781461362364 (doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2854-8_48)

Douce, G. R. , Amin, I. I., Stephen, J., Dougan, G. and Chatfield, S. N. (1993) Hypo- and hyper- invasive TnphoA mutants of Salmonella typhimurium (Strain TML). In: Cabello, F., Hormaeche, C., Mastroeni, P. and Bonina, L. (eds.) Biology of Salmonella. Series: NATO ASI Series (245). Springer US, pp. 397-398. ISBN 9781461362364 (doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2854-8_47)

Stephen, J., Amin, I. I. and Douce, G. R. (1993) Experimental Salmonella typhimurium — induced gastroenteritis. In: Cabello, F.C., Hormaeche, C.E., Mastroeni, P. and Bonina, L. (eds.) Biology of Salmonella. Series: NATO ASI Series, 245. Springer US, pp. 199-209. ISBN 9781461362364 (doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2854-8_23)

1992

Chatfield, S., Li, J.L., Sydenham, M., Douce, G. and Dougan, G. (1992) Salmonella genetics and vaccine development. In: Hormaeche, C.E., Penn, C.W. and Smyth, C.J. (eds.) Molecular Biology of Bacterial Infection; Current status and future perspectives. Cambridge University Press, pp. 299-312. ISBN 9780521432986

1991

Douce, G. R. , Amin, I.I. and Stephen, J. (1991) Invasion of HEp-2 cells by strains of Salmonella typhimurium of different virulence in relation to gastroenteritis. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 35(6), pp. 349-357. (doi: 10.1099/00222615-35-6-349)

Stephen, J., Douce, G. R. and Amin, I. I. (1991) Experimental Salmonellosis in retrospect and prospect: 1990. In: Wadström, T., Mäkelä, P.H., Svennerholm, A.M. and Wolf-Watz, H. (eds.) Molecular Pathogenesis of Gastrointestinal Infections. Springer Verlag, pp. 185-196. ISBN 9781468459845 (doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5982-1_24)

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