Miss Karen Wetherall
- Research Associate (Mental Health & Wellbeing)
telephone:
0141 232 2181
email:
Karen.Wetherall@glasgow.ac.uk
R337, Mental Health and Wellbeing, Gartnaval Royal, Glasgow
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4000-8969Biography
Karen has worked as a Research Assistant for the Suicidal Behaviour Research Lab (SBRL) since 2011. Miss Wetherall is currently working on the STEPPS (Study to Examine Psychological Processes in Suicidal Ideation and Behaviour) programme of research. This body of research is aimed at better understanding how psychological factors can lead to suicidal thoughts and behaviours using a number of research methodologies on different populations. For more information on the STEPPS studies, please visit the SBRL website at www.suicideresearch.info
Miss Wetherall obtained an MA in Psychology from the University of Glasgow in 2002, and an MSc in Health Psychology from the University of Stirling in 2011. She is currently undertaking a PhD focusing on how the social comparisons we make with others, and the resulting perceptions of our social rank, impact upon suicide risk.
Publications
2024
Sigel, A.N., Udupa, N.S., Wetherall, K. , Cleare, S. , O'Connor, R.C. , Joiner, T.E. and Jeon, M.E. (2024) Measurement invariance of the 4-item entrapment scale short-form (E-SF): a transnational examination across race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and suicide attempt history among minoritized adults. Assessment, (Accepted for Publication)
2023
van Eijk, N. L., Wetherall, K. , Ferguson, E., O'Connor, D. and O'Connor, R. C. (2023) A latent class analysis using the integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour: Understanding suicide risk over 36 months. Journal of Affective Disorders, 336, pp. 9-14. (doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.028) (PMID:37196933)
Wetherall, K. and O'Connor, R. (2023) Suicide prevention targeting middle-aged males: the role of primary care. British Journal of General Practice, 73(732), pp. 292-294. (doi: 10.3399/bjgp23X733197) (PMID:37385764)
Lok, V. et al. (2023) Changes in anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in the European population: A meta-analysis of changes and associations with restriction policies. European Psychiatry, 66(1), -31. e87. (doi: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2467) (PMID:37881862) (PMCID:PMC10755582)
O'Connor, D. B. et al. (2023) Effects of COVID-19-related worry and rumination on mental health and loneliness during the pandemic: longitudinal analyses of adults in the UK COVID-19 mental health & wellbeing study. Journal of Mental Health, 32(6), pp. 1122-1133. (doi: 10.1080/09638237.2022.2069716) (PMID:35579054)
2022
Wilding, S., O'Connor, D. B., Ferguson, E., Cleare, S. , Wetherall, K. , O'Carroll, R. E., Robb, K. A. and O'Connor, R. C. (2022) Probable COVID-19 infection is associated with subsequent poorer mental health and greater loneliness in the UK COVID-19 Mental Health and Wellbeing study. Scientific Reports, 12, 20795. (doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-24240-3) (PMID:36460665) (PMCID:PMC9718764)
Wilding, S., O’Connor, D. B., Ferguson, E., Wetherall, K. , Cleare, S. , O’Carroll, R. E. O., Robb, K. A. and O’Connor, R. C. O. (2022) Information seeking, mental health and loneliness: Longitudinal analyses of adults in the UK COVID-19 Mental Health & Wellbeing study. Psychiatry Research, 317, 114876. (doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114876) (PMID:36215778) (PMCID:PMC9526871)
Wetherall, K. et al. (2022) Mental health and well-being during the second wave of COVID-19: longitudinal analyses of the UK COVID-19 Mental Health and Wellbeing study (UK COVID-MH). BJPsych Open, 8(4), e103. (doi: 10.1192/bjo.2022.58) (PMID:35642377) (PMCID:PMC9171032)
Wetherall, K. , Cleare, S. , Zortea, T. and O'Connor, R. C. (2022) Suicide and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic. In: Pompili, M. (ed.) Suicide Risk Assessment and Prevention. Springer, pp. 691-701. ISBN 9783030420031 (doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-42003-1_95)
2021
Cleare, S. , Wetherall, K. , Eschle, S., Forrester, R., Drummond, J. and O'Connor, R. C. (2021) Using the integrated motivational-volitional (IMV) model of suicidal behaviour to differentiate those with and without suicidal intent in hospital treated self-harm. Preventive Medicine, 152(Part 1), 106592. (doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106592) (PMID:34538374)
O'Connor, R. C. et al. (2021) Mental health and wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal analyses of adults in the UK COVID-19 Mental Health & Wellbeing study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 218(6), pp. 326-333. (doi: 10.1192/bjp.2020.212) (PMID:33081860) (PMCID:PMC7684009)
MacLean, J. R. and Wetherall, K. (2021) The association between HIV-stigma and depressive symptoms among people living with HIV/AIDS: A systematic review of studies conducted in South Africa. Journal of Affective Disorders, 287, pp. 125-137. (doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.027) (PMID:33780828)
Zortea, T. C. , Cleare, S. , Wetherall, K. , Melson, A. J. and O'Connor, R. C. (2021) On suicide risk: from psychological processes to clinical assessment and intervention. In: Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology. Elsevier. ISBN 9780128093245 (doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-818697-8.00073-X)
2020
van Mens, K. et al. (2020) Predicting future suicidal behaviour in young adults, with different machine learning techniques: a population-based longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 271, pp. 169-177. (doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.081) (PMID:32479313)
Zortea, T. C. , Cleare, S. , Melson, A. J. , Wetherall, K. and O'Connor, R. C. (2020) Understanding and managing suicide risk. British Medical Bulletin, 134(1), pp. 73-84. (doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldaa013) (PMID:32435794)
De Beurs, D., Cleare, S. , Wetherall, K. , Eschle-Byrne, S., Ferguson, E., O'Connor, D. B. and O'Connor, R. C. (2020) Entrapment and suicide risk: the development of the 4-item Entrapment Scale Short-Form (E-SF). Psychiatry Research, 284, 112765. (doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112765)
Wetherall, K. , Cleare, S. , Zortea, T. and O'Connor, R. (2020) Status of the integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour. In: De Leo, D. and Poštuvan, V. (eds.) Reducing the Toll of Suicide: Resources for Communities, Groups, and Individuals. Hogrefe Publishing: Göttingen, pp. 169-184. ISBN 9780889375697
2019
De Beurs, D., Fried, E.I., Wetherall, K. , Cleare, S. , O'Connor, D.B., Ferguson, E., O'Carroll, R.E. and O'Connor, R.C. (2019) Exploring the psychology of suicidal ideation: a theory driven network analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 120, 103419. (doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.103419)
Wetherall, K. , Robb, K. A. and O'Connor, R. C. (2019) Social rank theory of depression: A systematic review of self-perceptions of social rank and their relationship with depressive symptoms and suicide risk. Journal of Affective Disorders, 246, pp. 300-319. (doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.045) (PMID:30594043)
Wetherall, K. , Robb, K. A. and O'Connor, R. C. (2019) An examination of social comparison and suicide ideation through the lens of the integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behavior. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 49(1), pp. 167-182. (doi: 10.1111/sltb.12434) (PMID:29315750)
2018
Wetherall, K. , Cleare, S. , Eschle, S., Ferguson, E., O'Connor, D. B., O'Carroll, R. E. and O'Connor, R. C. (2018) From ideation to action: differentiating between those who think about suicide and those who attempt suicide in a national study of young adults. Journal of Affective Disorders, 241, pp. 475-483. (doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.074) (PMID:30149335)
Cha, C. B., O'Connor, R. C. , Kirtley, O., Cleare, S. , Wetherall, K. , Eschle, S., Tezanos, K. M. and Nock, M. K. (2018) Testing mood-activated psychological markers for suicidal ideation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(5), pp. 448-457. (doi: 10.1037/abn0000358) (PMID:29927267)
Cleare, S. , Wetherall, K. , Clark, A., Ryan, C., Kirtley, O., Smith, M. and O'Connor, R. (2018) Adverse childhood experiences and hospital-treated self-harm. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(6), 1235. (doi: 10.3390/ijerph15061235)
O'Connor, R. , Wetherall, K. , Cleare, S. , Eschle, S., Drummond, J., Ferguson, E., O'Connor, D. B. and O'Carroll, R. E. (2018) Suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-harm: national prevalence study of young adults. BJPsych Open, 4(3), pp. 142-148. (doi: 10.1192/bjo.2018.14) (PMID:29922479) (PMCID:PMC6003254)
2016
O'Connor, R. C. , Cleare, S. , Eschle, S., Wetherall, K. and Kirtley, O. J. (2016) The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behavior. In: O'Connor, R. C. and Pirkis, J. (eds.) International Handbook of Suicide Prevention, Second Edition. Wiley Blackwell, pp. 220-240. ISBN 9781118903278 (doi: 10.1002/9781118903223.ch13)
2015
Wetherall, K. , Daly, M., Robb, K. A. , Wood, A. M. and O'Connor, R. C. (2015) Explaining the income and suicidality relationship: income rank is more strongly associated with suicidal thoughts and attempts than income. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(6), pp. 929-937. (doi: 10.1007/s00127-015-1050-1) (PMID:25893994)
Articles
Sigel, A.N., Udupa, N.S., Wetherall, K. , Cleare, S. , O'Connor, R.C. , Joiner, T.E. and Jeon, M.E. (2024) Measurement invariance of the 4-item entrapment scale short-form (E-SF): a transnational examination across race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and suicide attempt history among minoritized adults. Assessment, (Accepted for Publication)
van Eijk, N. L., Wetherall, K. , Ferguson, E., O'Connor, D. and O'Connor, R. C. (2023) A latent class analysis using the integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour: Understanding suicide risk over 36 months. Journal of Affective Disorders, 336, pp. 9-14. (doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.028) (PMID:37196933)
Wetherall, K. and O'Connor, R. (2023) Suicide prevention targeting middle-aged males: the role of primary care. British Journal of General Practice, 73(732), pp. 292-294. (doi: 10.3399/bjgp23X733197) (PMID:37385764)
Lok, V. et al. (2023) Changes in anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in the European population: A meta-analysis of changes and associations with restriction policies. European Psychiatry, 66(1), -31. e87. (doi: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2467) (PMID:37881862) (PMCID:PMC10755582)
O'Connor, D. B. et al. (2023) Effects of COVID-19-related worry and rumination on mental health and loneliness during the pandemic: longitudinal analyses of adults in the UK COVID-19 mental health & wellbeing study. Journal of Mental Health, 32(6), pp. 1122-1133. (doi: 10.1080/09638237.2022.2069716) (PMID:35579054)
Wilding, S., O'Connor, D. B., Ferguson, E., Cleare, S. , Wetherall, K. , O'Carroll, R. E., Robb, K. A. and O'Connor, R. C. (2022) Probable COVID-19 infection is associated with subsequent poorer mental health and greater loneliness in the UK COVID-19 Mental Health and Wellbeing study. Scientific Reports, 12, 20795. (doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-24240-3) (PMID:36460665) (PMCID:PMC9718764)
Wilding, S., O’Connor, D. B., Ferguson, E., Wetherall, K. , Cleare, S. , O’Carroll, R. E. O., Robb, K. A. and O’Connor, R. C. O. (2022) Information seeking, mental health and loneliness: Longitudinal analyses of adults in the UK COVID-19 Mental Health & Wellbeing study. Psychiatry Research, 317, 114876. (doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114876) (PMID:36215778) (PMCID:PMC9526871)
Wetherall, K. et al. (2022) Mental health and well-being during the second wave of COVID-19: longitudinal analyses of the UK COVID-19 Mental Health and Wellbeing study (UK COVID-MH). BJPsych Open, 8(4), e103. (doi: 10.1192/bjo.2022.58) (PMID:35642377) (PMCID:PMC9171032)
Cleare, S. , Wetherall, K. , Eschle, S., Forrester, R., Drummond, J. and O'Connor, R. C. (2021) Using the integrated motivational-volitional (IMV) model of suicidal behaviour to differentiate those with and without suicidal intent in hospital treated self-harm. Preventive Medicine, 152(Part 1), 106592. (doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106592) (PMID:34538374)
O'Connor, R. C. et al. (2021) Mental health and wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal analyses of adults in the UK COVID-19 Mental Health & Wellbeing study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 218(6), pp. 326-333. (doi: 10.1192/bjp.2020.212) (PMID:33081860) (PMCID:PMC7684009)
MacLean, J. R. and Wetherall, K. (2021) The association between HIV-stigma and depressive symptoms among people living with HIV/AIDS: A systematic review of studies conducted in South Africa. Journal of Affective Disorders, 287, pp. 125-137. (doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.027) (PMID:33780828)
van Mens, K. et al. (2020) Predicting future suicidal behaviour in young adults, with different machine learning techniques: a population-based longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 271, pp. 169-177. (doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.081) (PMID:32479313)
Zortea, T. C. , Cleare, S. , Melson, A. J. , Wetherall, K. and O'Connor, R. C. (2020) Understanding and managing suicide risk. British Medical Bulletin, 134(1), pp. 73-84. (doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldaa013) (PMID:32435794)
De Beurs, D., Cleare, S. , Wetherall, K. , Eschle-Byrne, S., Ferguson, E., O'Connor, D. B. and O'Connor, R. C. (2020) Entrapment and suicide risk: the development of the 4-item Entrapment Scale Short-Form (E-SF). Psychiatry Research, 284, 112765. (doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112765)
De Beurs, D., Fried, E.I., Wetherall, K. , Cleare, S. , O'Connor, D.B., Ferguson, E., O'Carroll, R.E. and O'Connor, R.C. (2019) Exploring the psychology of suicidal ideation: a theory driven network analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 120, 103419. (doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.103419)
Wetherall, K. , Robb, K. A. and O'Connor, R. C. (2019) Social rank theory of depression: A systematic review of self-perceptions of social rank and their relationship with depressive symptoms and suicide risk. Journal of Affective Disorders, 246, pp. 300-319. (doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.045) (PMID:30594043)
Wetherall, K. , Robb, K. A. and O'Connor, R. C. (2019) An examination of social comparison and suicide ideation through the lens of the integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behavior. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 49(1), pp. 167-182. (doi: 10.1111/sltb.12434) (PMID:29315750)
Wetherall, K. , Cleare, S. , Eschle, S., Ferguson, E., O'Connor, D. B., O'Carroll, R. E. and O'Connor, R. C. (2018) From ideation to action: differentiating between those who think about suicide and those who attempt suicide in a national study of young adults. Journal of Affective Disorders, 241, pp. 475-483. (doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.074) (PMID:30149335)
Cha, C. B., O'Connor, R. C. , Kirtley, O., Cleare, S. , Wetherall, K. , Eschle, S., Tezanos, K. M. and Nock, M. K. (2018) Testing mood-activated psychological markers for suicidal ideation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(5), pp. 448-457. (doi: 10.1037/abn0000358) (PMID:29927267)
Cleare, S. , Wetherall, K. , Clark, A., Ryan, C., Kirtley, O., Smith, M. and O'Connor, R. (2018) Adverse childhood experiences and hospital-treated self-harm. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(6), 1235. (doi: 10.3390/ijerph15061235)
O'Connor, R. , Wetherall, K. , Cleare, S. , Eschle, S., Drummond, J., Ferguson, E., O'Connor, D. B. and O'Carroll, R. E. (2018) Suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-harm: national prevalence study of young adults. BJPsych Open, 4(3), pp. 142-148. (doi: 10.1192/bjo.2018.14) (PMID:29922479) (PMCID:PMC6003254)
Wetherall, K. , Daly, M., Robb, K. A. , Wood, A. M. and O'Connor, R. C. (2015) Explaining the income and suicidality relationship: income rank is more strongly associated with suicidal thoughts and attempts than income. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(6), pp. 929-937. (doi: 10.1007/s00127-015-1050-1) (PMID:25893994)
Book Sections
Wetherall, K. , Cleare, S. , Zortea, T. and O'Connor, R. C. (2022) Suicide and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic. In: Pompili, M. (ed.) Suicide Risk Assessment and Prevention. Springer, pp. 691-701. ISBN 9783030420031 (doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-42003-1_95)
Zortea, T. C. , Cleare, S. , Wetherall, K. , Melson, A. J. and O'Connor, R. C. (2021) On suicide risk: from psychological processes to clinical assessment and intervention. In: Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology. Elsevier. ISBN 9780128093245 (doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-818697-8.00073-X)
Wetherall, K. , Cleare, S. , Zortea, T. and O'Connor, R. (2020) Status of the integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour. In: De Leo, D. and Poštuvan, V. (eds.) Reducing the Toll of Suicide: Resources for Communities, Groups, and Individuals. Hogrefe Publishing: Göttingen, pp. 169-184. ISBN 9780889375697
O'Connor, R. C. , Cleare, S. , Eschle, S., Wetherall, K. and Kirtley, O. J. (2016) The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behavior. In: O'Connor, R. C. and Pirkis, J. (eds.) International Handbook of Suicide Prevention, Second Edition. Wiley Blackwell, pp. 220-240. ISBN 9781118903278 (doi: 10.1002/9781118903223.ch13)
Grants
Grants and Awards listed are those received whilst working with the University of Glasgow.
- Understanding post-partum suicidal ideation through the lens of the IMV model
The Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland
2025 - 2026
- Perinatal suicide and self-harm: Using data linkage to understand rates and risk factors for suicide deaths and self-harm admissions of women in Scotland during the perinatal period
Research Data Scotland Limited
2024 - 2025
Research datasets
2024
Wetherall, K., Cleare, S. and O'Connor, R. (2024) EMERGE data for paper. [Data Collection]
