Professor Chong Li
- Professor of Microwave Engineering (Electronic & Nanoscale Engineering)
telephone:
+44 141 330 4626
email:
Chong.Li@glasgow.ac.uk
pronouns:
He/him/his
School of Engineering, R207 80 Oakfield Avenue, G12 8LT
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5654-0039Biography
I obtained a PhD degree in Electronics and Electrical Engineering from the University of Glasgow (UoG) in 2012. I developed monolithic millimetre-wave signal sources and integrated circuits within 3 years of my PhD. From Aug. 2011, I took up a post as a Postdoctoral Research Assistant, and later a Postdoctoral Research Associate at UoG, working on terahertz imaging systems. I joined the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in January 2014 as a Higher Research Scientist leading work on antenna, OTA, ultrafast and on-wafer measurements. I rejoined Glasgow University in August 2017 as a lecturer and found the Microwave and Terahertz Electronics (MaTE) group. I became the Professor of Micorwave Engineering in August 2023. I have been the Director of Centre for Advanced Electronics (CAE) since May 2021.
I am a Visiting Lecturer at the University of Stratchclyde (2022-2025) and was a Visiting Researcher at the Advanced Technology Institute (ATI), University of Surrey in 2017. I am the Co-Chair of EuMiC2026 and Chair of the 106th ARFTG2026. I was a member of the European Microwave Association (EuMA) General Assembly (GA) representing Group 4 (United Kingdom, Ireland, Gibraltar, Malta) between 2018 and 2021. I was the Chair of Workshop & Short Courses of EuMW2021 and I was an Associate Editor for Royal Society Open Science between 2017 and 2023. I won the best paper twice at Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conference (LAPC).
Research interests
I am leading the Microwave and THz Electronics (MaTE) Group and interested in:
- Modelling, Fabrication and Characterisation of III-V (InP/GaAs/GaN) semiconductor devices e.g. transistors and diodes
- Design, modelling, Fabrication and Characterisation of MMICs and TMICs
- Emerging materials, devices and technologies for wireless sensing, imaging, communications and energy harvesting;
- Metrology for antennas and propagation and on-wafer measurements.
Summer students, final year/MSc project students, self-funded/government-funded PhD students are welcome to my group. Please contact me if you have any brilliant ideas about any of the above listed topic(s) or something else.
Equipment and Facilities
I am currently managing the Microwave and Terahertz Laboraotry which is equiped with the state-of-art instruments for characterisation of RF, microwave, mmWave and THz devices and systems. Information about micro-/nano-fabrication can be found on the JWNC website. Here below list some of the equipment for measurements from RF to THz:
Anntenna measurement systems
- 0.5 GHz-18 GHz anechoic chamber (full radiation pattern, gain, efficiency, axial ratio etc.)
- 30 GHz-50 GHz OTA system including full radiation pattern, gain
- 75 GHz-1.1 THz (banded) near field planar antenna scanning systems
Automated on-wafer power and S-parameter measurement systems
- 10 MHz-110 GHz
- 110 - 170 GHz,
- 140 -220 GHz,
- 220 -325 GHz,
- 325-500 GHz,
- 500-750 GHz,
- 750 GHz -1.1 THz
Other measurement capabilities
- on-wafer (waveguide) noise parameter measurement systems (2-50 GHz)
- on-wafer (waveguide) load-pull measurement system (110 GHz - 1.1 THz)
- Spectrum analyer and power meter for up to 1 THz
- 70 GHz oscilloscope (256 GBaud/S), also for 110-170 GHz and 220-325 GHz
- 67 GHz arbitary waveform generator (256 GBaud/s) also for 110-170 GHz and 220 GHz- 325 GHz
- 26-40 GHz, 110-170 GHz and 750 GHz -1.1 THz material characterisation kit (MCK)
- 3 kV Semiconductor device analyser for DC & Pulsed IV/CV measurement (on-wafer)
- DC-40 GHz temprature-controllable (77K-675K) manual probe station with permanent maganet
Cascade's 140 GHz-220 GHz infinity probes (50 um pitch)
Postdoctoral Opportunities
Postdoctoral researcher
This is an exciting new opportunity that centers around cryogenic microwave components and systems for quantum computer systems. The project is generously funded by the EPSRC EPIQC project (EP/W032627/1), and the initial appointment for this post is for a duration of 24 months. We are seeking a candidate with extensive knowledge and experience in the design, modeling, and testing of microwave components, including filters and antennas. A proven track record of publications in the field is essential. For further details, please feel free to contact me.
PhD projects
- Making the quantum computers wireless
The ENIAC, the first computer invented 75 years ago, occupied a whopping 170 square meters and weighed nearly 50 tonnes. At that time, nobody could have imagined the incredible evolution computers would undergo to reach their current form. Quantum computing, believed to be one of the most significant revolutions of the 21st century, is still in its early stages, encountering similar challenges faced by the first computers half a century ago: bulkiness, high cost, and operational difficulties. However, here at Glasgow University, we are fearless and ambitious!
Thanks to the generous funding provided by EPSRC's WiQC and EPIQC projects, we are poised to take a daring yet potentially rewarding step towards the next generation of quantum computers: developing wireless quantum computing. Imagine that! Would you like to be a part of this groundbreaking endeavor? If so, please reach out to us and let's shape the future together.
- Pushing the limits of low noise amplifiers: from semiconductor materials, device physics, nanofabriacation to circuit design
Low noise amplifiers (LNAs) play a crucial role in various RF systems, including communications, RADAR, astronomy observation, and remote sensing. They are widely recognized as essential components. Traditionally, the key performance parameters of LNAs have encompassed aspects such as noise figure, gain, linearity, and bandwidth. However, the emergence of quantum computer systems has introduced a new performance factor: DC power consumption. This addition has made the development of LNAs even more challenging and demanding.
In this exciting project, you will have the opportunity to leverage the world-leading nanofabrication and test facilities at Glasgow University, specifically the JWNC and ESDC. By capitalizing on these cutting-edge resources, you will be able to contribute to and build upon Glasgow University's esteemed legacy in the field of transistors. This is an exceptional chance to advance the field and see Glasgow University's expertise in transistors flourish once again.
- GaN-based diodes and tranistors for water and gas sensing
The presence of ionic pollution in water and high concentrations of gases, vapors, and volatile organic compounds in the air pose significant threats to human health, food safety, and the environment. To address these concerns, GaN-based field-effect transistor (FET)-based sensors have emerged as a promising solution, thanks to their remarkable sensitivity to surface charge. However, current technologies utilizing GaN transistors typically require tens of milliwatts of power, which is often unsustainable for many applications.
In this project, our primary objective is to substantially reduce the power consumption of these sensors by at least two orders of magnitude. This will be achieved through a comprehensive co-optimization approach that encompasses device design, circuit optimization, and system integration. By synergistically enhancing the efficiency of each element, we aim to pave the way for highly efficient and sustainable sensor solutions that address the critical challenges posed by ionic pollution, gas concentrations, vapors, and volatile organic compounds.
- Compact monolithic integrated circuits for Beyond5G/6G wireless communications
Since the widespread rollout of commercial 5G networks starting in 2019, the research focus on next-generation mobile communications has become paramount for both academia and industry. A critical challenge in advancing future communication systems lies in developing highly efficient RF front-ends or transceivers. As the operating frequencies of these systems shift into the millimeter-wave domain, such as at 30 GHz and above, electronic devices like amplifiers and integrated circuits for passive components face various performance degradation issues. These include reduced efficiency, higher power consumption, and limitations in integration capabilities.
In this project, you will have the unique opportunity to leverage Glasgow University's world-leading nanofabrication and test facilities, specifically the JWNC and CAE. By harnessing these state-of-the-art resources, you will devise, fabricate, and test compact transceivers operating at frequencies of 110 GHz and beyond. This endeavor will enable us to overcome the current limitations and pave the way for high-performance transceivers that meet the demands of future communication systems. Join us in pushing the boundaries of mobile communications and shaping the future of wireless technology.
- Development of wireless charging technology for wireless sensor nodes
Wireless sensor nodes (WSN) have found widespread applications in various fields, including environment monitoring, building structural health checks, and personal medical diagnosis. However, most sensor nodes currently rely on bulky built-in batteries that have limited lifespans. The cost and feasibility of battery replacement can be prohibitive in certain scenarios. Over the past decade, researchers have explored different energy harvesting approaches, such as solar, thermal, and acoustic energy conversion, to power WSNs. However, these methods encounter limitations related to weather conditions, size, distance, and communication.
RF/microwave signals, such as GPS, WiFi, and 4G/5G, are omnipresent and offer advantages like low attenuation in air and resistance to weather conditions. These characteristics make them suitable for long-distance applications. However, RF/microwave signals suffer from high losses in water or inside human bodies. To address this issue, different media, such as ultrasound, must be implemented. In this project, we will investigate a novel hybrid microwave-ultrasound transducer that serves the dual purpose of energy harvesting and wireless communications. Our research will focus on overcoming challenges related to RF/microwave sensing, RF/microwave to ultrasound frequency conversion, and ultrasound transducer efficiency.
The selected candidate will delve into the exploration of new materials, device modeling, circuit design, and micro/nano fabrication techniques. Ultimately, we aim to develop a hybrid transducer that integrates CMOS sensors and can be utilized for underwater monitoring and/or medical diagnosis. Through this interdisciplinary endeavor, we will advance the field of wireless sensor technology, opening up new possibilities for sustainable energy harvesting and efficient wireless communication in challenging environments.
follow the link to apply:
https://www.gla.ac.uk/postgraduate/howtoapplyforaresearchdegree/#applyonline
Publications
2025
Beniwal, A. , Gond, R., Karagiorgis, X., Rawat, B. and Li, C. (2025) Room temperature operated Fe2O3/PANI-based flexible and eco-friendly ammonia sensor with sub-ppm detectability. IEEE Sensors Letters, 9(2), 2000404. (doi: 10.1109/LSENS.2025.3527229)
Beniwal, A. , Ganguly, P., Khandelwal, G. , Gond, R., Rawat, B. and Li, C. (2025) Additive strategies to mitigate humidity interference effects on PEDOT:PSS sensors for ammonia detection. IEEE Sensors Journal, (doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3533298) (Early Online Publication)
Shukla, P., Gond, R., Beniwal, A. , Li, C. and Rawat, B. (2025) Disposable and highly sensitive humidity sensor based on PEDOT:PSS/GO heterostructure. IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics, (doi: 10.1109/jflex.2025.3533498) (Early Online Publication)
Farage, M. E. and Li, C. (2025) Rectangular Waveguide-based CRLH Frequency Scanning Array Antenna Operating at W-band. In: IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS2025), San Francisco, CA, USA, 15-20 Jun 2025, (Accepted for Publication)
2024
Cheng, H., Wang, J., Kelly, J. , Ofiare, A., Thoms, S. and Li, C. (2024) HEMT with ultra-low contact resistance for millimeter wave and sub-terahertz applications: design, fabrication and characterization. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, (Accepted for Publication)
Ofiare, A., Kelly, J. , wang, j., CHENG, H. and Li, C. (2024) Accurate Broadband On-Wafer Noise Parameter Measurement with Dedicated 2 GHz – 50 GHz Passive Source Tuner: Measurement Uncertainty Contributions. In: ARMMS: RF and Microwave Society Conference, Cambridge, 18-19 November 2024,
Kelly, J. , Wang, J., Ofiare, A., Ridler, N. and Li, C. (2024) Evaluation of On-Wafer Noise Parameter Measurement Techniques at Cryogenic Temperatures. In: 104th ARFTG Microwave Measurement Symposium, Sheraton Puerto Rico Resort & Casino, San Juan, 19-22 Jan 2025, (Accepted for Publication)
Ma, Y. , Jiang, Y. and Li, C. (2024) A universal model for ultrasonic energy transmission in various media. Sensors, 24(19), 6230. (doi: 10.3390/s24196230)
Ma, Y. and Li, C. (2024) Experimental Demonstration of a Combined RF-Ultrasonic Wireless Powering System. In: IEEE Radio and Wireless Week, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 19-22 Jan 2025, (Accepted for Publication)
Beniwal, A. , Khandelwal, G. , Mukherjee, R. , Mulvihill, D. M. and Li, C. (2024) Eco-friendly textile-based wearable humidity sensor with multinode wireless connectivity for healthcare applications. ACS Applied Bio Materials, 7(7), pp. 4772-4784. (doi: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00593) (PMID:38963128) (PMCID:PMC11253092)
Wang, J., Ofiare, A., Li, Q., Kelly, J. , Wasige, E. and Li, C. (2024) On-wafer Characterisation of Noise Parameters of GaN HEMTs between 77 K and 400 K. In: 103rd ARFTG Microwave Measurement Conference, Washington DC, USA, 21 June 2024, (Accepted for Publication)
Beniwal, A. and Li, C. (2024) Disposable and Flexible PEDOT:PSS-Based Temperature Sensor for Healthcare Applications. In: 2024 IEEE Applied Sensing Conference (APSCON), Goa, India, 22-24 January 2024, ISBN 9798350317275 (doi: 10.1109/APSCON60364.2024.10465834)
Ma, Y. , Jiang, Y. and Li, C. (2024) Combined RF-Ultrasonic Wireless Powering System for Sensor Applications in Harsh Environment. In: 2024 IEEE Radio and Wireless Week, San Antonio, TX, USA, 21-24 Jan 2024, pp. 87-90. ISBN 9798350340457 (doi: 10.1109/RWS56914.2024.10438557)
Zhong, M., Jiang, Y., Ma, Y. and Li, C. (2024) An Ultra-wideband Off-axis Reflector Lens. 2024 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS), San Antonio, Texas, USA, 21-24 Jan 2024. ISBN 9798350340464 (doi: 10.1109/RWS56914.2024.10438633)
2023
Wang, J., Ofiare, A., CHENG, H., Wasige, E. and Li, C. (2023) Benchmarking a High Electron Mobility Transistor Using an Active Load-Pull System at 120 GHz -170 GHz. 102nd ARFTG Microwave Measurement Symposium, San Antonio, TX, USA, 21-24 Jan 2024. (Accepted for Publication)
Jiang, Y., Zhong, M., Ma, Y. , Khusna, E. M., Yi, Y., Ofiare, A., Al-Taai, Q. , Al-Moathin, A. and Li, C. (2023) An X-band Lens Antenna Based on Metasurface. In: 16th UK-Europe-China Workshop on Millimetre Waves and Terahertz Technologies (UCMMT2023), Guangzhou, China, 31 Aug - 02 Sep 2023, ISBN 9798350339406 (doi: 10.1109/UCMMT58116.2023.10310524)
Li, C. , Ofiare, A., Wang, J., Cheng, H., Al-Khalidi, A. and Wasige, E. (2023) Case Studies on Millimetre-wave and Terahertz On-chip Circuit Test Cluster for 6G Communications and Beyond programme at the University of Glasgow. Automated RF & Microwave Measurement Society (ARMMS) 2023 Autumn, Cambourne, UK, 06-07 Nov 2023.
Al-Moathin, A. et al. (2023) Characterization of a Compact Wideband Microwave Metasurface Lens for Cryogenic Applications. In: 2023 101st ARFTG Microwave Measurement Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, 16 Jun 2023, ISBN 9798350323450 (doi: 10.1109/ARFTG57476.2023.10279542)
Cheng, H., Wang, J., Kelly, J. and Li, C. (2023) Recent Development of THz InP HEMTs at the University of Glasgow. IET Colloquium on mmWave and Terahertz Engineering, Glasgow, 2 November 2023.
Kelly, J. , Wang, J., Cheng, H., Ofiare, A. and Li, C. (2023) Temperature Dependent Hall Parameter Measurements of Heterogeneous InGaAs/InP Ultrafast Transistors. ARMMS: RF and Microwave Society Conference (November 2023), Cambourne, UK, 6-7 November 2023. (Accepted for Publication)
Beniwal, A. , Ganguly, P., Gond, R., Rawat, B. and Li, C. (2023) Room temperature operated PEDOT: PSS based flexible and disposable NO2 gas sensor. IEEE Sensors Letters, 7(9), 2001804. (doi: 10.1109/lsens.2023.3308518)
Xia, Y., Yuan, M., Dobrea, A., Li, C. , Heidari, H. , Mottram, N. and Ghannam, R. (2023) Reconfigurable wearable antenna for 5G applications using nematic liquid crystals. Nano Select, 4(8), pp. 513-524. (doi: 10.1002/nano.202200209)
Kazim, J. u. R. et al. (2023) Wireless Microwave Signal Transmission for Cryogenic Applications. In: 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Portland, Oregon, USA, 23–28 July 2023, pp. 43-44. ISBN 9781665442282 (doi: 10.1109/USNC-URSI52151.2023.10237549)
Leitenstorfer, A. et al. (2023) The 2023 Terahertz Science and Technology Roadmap. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 56(22), 223001. (doi: 10.1088/1361-6463/acbe4c)
Wang, J., Li, Q., Kelly, J. and Li, C. (2023) Investigation of Noise Performance of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. UK Semiconductors 2023, Sheffield, UK, 12-13 Jul 2023. (Accepted for Publication)
Wang, J., Li, Q., Kelly, J. and Li, C. (2023) Noise Performance and RF Performance of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on Diamond Substrate. UK Semiconductors 2023, Sheffield, UK, 12-13 Jul 2023. (Accepted for Publication)
Karami, K. , Dhongde, A., Cheng, H., Reynolds, P. M. , Reddy, B. A., Ritter, D., Li, C. , Wasige, E. and Thoms, S. (2023) Robust sub-100 nm T-Gate fabrication process using multi-step development. Micro and Nano Engineering, 19, 100211. (doi: 10.1016/j.mne.2023.100211)
Wang, Y., Huang, T., Jin, S., Wang, C., Shen, H., Li, C. , Li, Y. and Wu, W. (2023) A self-biased GaN LNA with 30 dB Gain and 21 dBm P1dB for 5G communications. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, 15(4), pp. 547-553. (doi: 10.1017/S175907872200085X)
Wang, Y., Fu, X., Wu, A., Huo, Y., Liu, C., Luan, P., Lei, L., Liang, F. and Li, C. (2023) An advanced calibration method for probe leakage correction in on-wafer test systems. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 71(2), pp. 682-690. (doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2022.3200050)
Aniel, F. et al. (2023) Terahertz electronic devices. In: Rudan, Massimo, Brunetti, Rossella and Reggiani, Susanna (eds.) Springer Handbook of Semiconductor Devices. Series: Springer Handbooks. Springer: Cham, pp. 807-849. ISBN 9783030798277 (doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-79827-7_22)
2022
Li, C. (2022) Advances in Leakage Corrections for On-wafer S-parameter Measurements. European Microwave Week 2022, Milan, Italy, 25-30 Sep 2022.
Farage, M.E. and Li, C. (2022) A W-Band Rectangular Waveguide CRLH Frequency Scanning Array. 2022 47th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), Delft, The Netherlands, 28 Aug - 02 Sep 2022.
Cheng, H., Dhongde, A., Karami, K. , Reynolds, P. , Thoms, S. , Wasige, E. and Li, C. (2022) Reliable T-gate Process for THz HEMTs. UK Semiconductors 2022, Sheffield, UK, 6-7 July 2022.
Zhong, M., Cumming, D. and Li, C. (2022) Power Enhancement of Planar Gunn Oscillators Using Injection Locking. UK Semiconductors 2022, Sheffield, UK, 6-7 July 2022.
Li, C. (2022) Modelling and Correction of Probe-Probe Crosstalk at mm wave Frequencies. International Microwave Symposium 2022, Denver, CO, USA, 19-24 Jun 2022.
Karami, K. , Dhongde, A., Cheng, H., Reynolds, P. M. , Thoms, S. , Reddy, B. A., Ritter, D., Li, C. and Wasige, E. (2022) Robust sub-100 nm T-gate fabrication process using multi-step development. MNE EUROSENSORS 2022, Leuven, Belgium, 19-23 September 2022.
Wang, J., Xue, L.-Y. , Liu, B. and Li, C. (2022) Design of Terahertz InP pHEMT Using Machine Learning Assisted Global Optimization Techniques. In: European Microwave Week 2021, London, UK, 02-07 Apr 2022, pp. 67-70. ISBN 9781665447225 (doi: 10.23919/EuMIC50153.2022.9784068)
Zhong, M., Cumming, D. R.S. and Li, C. (2022) Numerical and Experimental Investigations of Self-mixing Effect of a Planar Gunn Diode Oscillator. In: 2021 16th European Microwave Integrated Circuits Conference (EuMIC), London, UK, 03-04 Apr 2022, pp. 390-393. ISBN 9782874870644 (doi: 10.23919/EuMIC50153.2022.9783700)
Al-Moathin, A. et al. (2022) EML based on identical epitaxial layer, side-wall grating and HSQ planarization. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 34(6), pp. 317-320. (doi: 10.1109/LPT.2022.3155730)
Al-Moathin, A., Smith, M. D., Thayne, I. , Kuball, M. and Li, C. (2022) Low Damage High Selectivity Cl2/N2/O2-Based Inductively Coupled Plasma Etching for GaN/AlGaN Heterostructures. UKNC Winter Meeting 2022, 05-06 Jan 2022.
Danilin, S. , Barbosa, J., Farage, M., Zhao, Z., Shang, X., Burnett, J., Ridler, N., Li, C. and Weides, M. (2022) Engineering the microwave to infrared noise photon flux for superconducting quantum systems. EPJ Quantum Technology, 9, 1. (doi: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-022-00121-6)
2021
Abohmra, A., Abbas, H. , Kazim, J. U. R. , Rabbani, M. S., Li, C. , Alomainy, A., Imran, M. A. and Abbasi, Q. H. (2021) An ultrawideband microfabricated gold-based antenna array for terahertz communication. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 20(11), pp. 2156-2160. (doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2021.3072562)
Al-Moathin, A., Li, C. , Wang, J., Al-Taai, Q. R. A. , Eddie, I., Ye, S. , Hou, L. , Thoms, S. , Kelly, A. and Marsh, J. H. (2021) Traveling-Wave Electroabsorption Modulated Laser Based on Identical Epitaxial Layer Scheme and HSQ Planarization. In: CLEO/Europe-EQEC 2021, Munich, Germany, 21-25 Jun 2021, ISBN 9781665418768 (doi: 10.1109/CLEO/Europe-EQEC52157.2021.9542652)
Ahmad, W. , Li, C. and Gamage, K. A.A. (2021) Deployment of Robots Remotely in Teaching Programming and Robotics – Future of Engineering Laboratories. In: Practical Engineering Education 21 Conference (PEE-21), Sheffield, UK, 16-17 Sept 2021,
Scott-George, A., Li, C. , Tang, Y. K. , Shimul, S., Tareq Bin Ali, M., Marma, A. and Pal, S. (2021) A Review on the Sustainability of Solar Home System for Rural Electrification. In: 6th International Conference on Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering (ICSREE 2021), Strasbourg, France, 5-7 May 2021, 02003. (doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202129402003)
Das, S. et al. (2021) Design and Analysis of an AC Coupled Photovoltaic System for an Off-grid Community in Chittagong Hill Tracts. In: 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy Generation and Applications (ICREGA), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, 02-04 Feb 2021, pp. 39-43. ISBN 9781728183015 (doi: 10.1109/ICREGA50506.2021.9388295)
Farage, M., Zhao, Z., Abbasi, Q. and Li, C. (2021) Evaluation of a 300 GHz Near Field Antenna Measurement System. IET Colloquium on Millimetre-wave and Terahertz Engineering and Technology 2021, 17-18 Mar 2021.
Al-Moathin, A., Li, C. , Hou, L. and Marsh, J. H. (2021) Novel Design for Electroabsorption Modulator Based on Microstrip Transmission Line Technology. In: Semiconductor and Integrated Opto-Electronics (SIOE) Conference, Cardiff, UK, 30 March - 1 April 2021, (Accepted for Publication)
2020
Zhao, Z., Farage, M. E., Yi, Y. and Li, C. (2020) A Quasi-optical THz Imaging System Using a One-port Vector Network Analyser. In: 5th International Conference on the UK-China Emerging Technologies (UCET 2020), Glasgow, UK, 20-21 Aug 2020, ISBN 9781728194899 (doi: 10.1109/UCET51115.2020.9205425)
Wu, A., Liu, C., Liang, F., Zou, X., Wang, Y., Luan, P. and Li, C. (2020) Calibration on the fly—a novel two-port S-parameter measurement method for on-wafer leaky systems. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 68(8), pp. 3558-3564. (doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2020.2988461)
Li, C. , Wu, A., Liu, C., Liang, F., Wang, Y. and Luan, P. (2020) A “Calibration on the Fly” Method for Millimeter-wave On-wafer Measurement. 13th UK-Europe-China Workshop on Millimetre Waves and THz Technologies (UCMMT 2020), Tianjin, China, 29 Aug - 01 Sep 2020. (Accepted for Publication)
Wu, A., Fu, X., Liu, C., Li, C. , Wang, Y., Liang, F. and Luan, P. (2020) Optimal design of passive devices for verifying on-wafer noise parameter measurement systems. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 69(6), pp. 2837-2844. (doi: 10.1109/TIM.2019.2929671)
Vosti, H., Stant, L. T., Matei, C., Salter, M. J., Li, C. , Ridler, N. M. and Aaen, P. H. (2020) An Interferometric Characterization Technique for Extreme Impedance Microwave Devices. In: 94th ARFTG Microwave Measurement Symposium, San Antonio, TX, USA, 26-29 Jan 2020, ISBN 9781728120577 (doi: 10.1109/ARFTG47584.2020.9071748)
Wang, Y., Li, L.-A., Li, C. , Ao, J.-P., Wang, X. and Hao, Y. (2020) Thermal analysis of AlGaN/GaN hetero-structural Gunn diodes on different substrates through numerical simulation. IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society, 8, pp. 134-139. (doi: 10.1109/JEDS.2020.2967473)
2019
Al-Moathin, A., Hou, L. , Ofiare, A., Wang, J., Ye, S. , Li, C. and Marsh, J. H. (2019) Thick film hydrogen silsesquioxane planarization for passive component technology associated with electronic-photonic integrated circuits. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures, 37(6), 061210. (doi: 10.1116/1.5123286)
Ridler, N. M., Clarke, R. G., Li, C. and Salter, M. J. (2019) Strategies for traceable submillimeter-wave vector network analyzer measurements. IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, 9(4), pp. 392-398. (doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2019.2911870)
Chen, A., Li, C. , Huang, Y. and Zhou, J. (2019) Compact mm-Wave Coplanar Diplexer Design Without Using Air-bridges. The 12th UK/Europe-China Workshop on Millimetre-Waves and Terahertz Technologies (UCMMT 2019), London, UK, 20-22 Aug 2019.
Li, C. , Tang, Y. K. , Saha, S., Bin Ali, M. T. and Basith, M. A. (2019) Current Status of Solar Home Systems in Bangladesh. 7th European Conference on Renewable Energy Systems, Madrid, Spain, 10-12 June 2019.
Li, C. , Tang, Y. K. , Saha, S., Ali, M. T. B., Basith, M. A. and Marma, A. (2019) Feasibility Studies on Deploying a Self-Contained Solar-Hydraulic Pilot Power Plant in a Rural Area in Bangladesh. [Research Reports or Papers] (Unpublished)
2018
Li, C. , Liu, C., Wu, A. and Ridler, N. (2018) A new SOLT calibration method for leaky on-wafer measurements using a 10-term error model. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 66(8), pp. 3894-3900. (doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2018.2832052)
Zahid, A., Yang, K., Heidari, H. , Li, C. , Imran, M. A. , Alomainy, A. and Abbasi, Q. H. (2018) Terahertz Characterisation of Living Plant Leaves for Quality of Life Assessment Applications. In: Microwave and Radar Week (MIKON-2018 and Baltic URSI Symposium-2018, Poznań, Poland, 14-17 May 2018, pp. 117-120. ISBN 9788394942137 (doi: 10.23919/URSI.2018.8406770)
Clarke, R.G., Li, C. and Ridler, N.M. (2018) An Intra-laboratory Investigation of On-wafer Measurement Reproducibility at Millimeter-wave Frequencies. In: 2017 90th ARFTC Microwave Measurement Symposium (ARFTG), Boulder, CO, USA, 28 Nov - 01 Dec 2017, ISBN 9781538643563 (doi: 10.1109/ARFTG.2017.8255866)
Wu, A., Li, C. , Sun, J., Wang, Y. and Liu, C. (2018) Development of a Verification Technique for On-wafer Noise Figure Measurement Systems. In: 2017 90th ARFTC Microwave Measurement Symposium (ARFTG), Boulder, CO, USA, 28 Nov - 01 Dec 2017, ISBN 9781538643563 (doi: 10.1109/ARFTG.2017.8255878)
2017
Votsi, H., Li, C. , Aaen, P. H. and Ridler, N. M. (2017) An active interferometric method for extreme impedance on-wafer device measurements. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 27(11), pp. 1034-1036. (doi: 10.1109/LMWC.2017.2750086)
Li, C. , Liua, C., Wua, A. and Ridlera, N. (2017) Uncertainty Analysis of Calibration Standards for On-wafer Measurements over 110 GHz. UK-Europe-China Workshop on Millimetre-Waves and Terahertz Technologies, Liverpool, UK, 11-13 Sep 2017. (Unpublished)
Li, C. , Loh, T.-H., Tian, Z., Xu, Q. and Huang, Y. (2017) Evaluation of chamber effects on antenna efficiency measurements using non-reference antenna methods in two reverberation chambers. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, 11(11), pp. 1536-1541. (doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2015.0838)
Ridler, N. and Li, C. (2017) Benchmarking Electrical Loss in Rectangular Metallic Waveguide at Submillimeter Wavelengths. In: 2017 10th UK-Europe-China Workshop on Milimetre Waves and Terahertz Technologies (UCMMT), Liverpool, UK, 11-13 Sep 2017, ISBN 9781538627204 (doi: 10.1109/UCMMT.2017.8068355)
2016
Votsi, H., Roch-Jeune, I., Haddadi, K., Li, C. , Dambrine, G., Aaen, P.H. and Ridler, N. (2016) Development of a Reference Wafer for On-Wafer Testing of Extreme Impedance Devices. In: 2016 88th ARFTG Microwave Measurement Conference (ARFTG), Austin, TX, USA, 08-09 Dec 2016, ISBN 9781509045150 (doi: 10.1109/ARFTG.2016.7839719)
Tian, Z., Huang, Y., Zu, Q., Loh, T.-H. and Li, C. (2016) Measurement of Absorption Cross Section of a Lossy Object in Reverberation Chamber Without the Need for Calibration. In: 2016 Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference (LAPC), Loughborough, UK, 14-15 Nov 2016, ISBN 9781509007844 (doi: 10.1109/LAPC.2016.7807533)
Khalid, A. , Cumming, D. , Clarke, R., Li, C. and Ridler, N. (2016) Evaluation of a VNA-based material characterization kit at frequencies from 0.75 THz to 1.1 THz. In: 2016 IEEE 9th UK-Europe-China Workshop on Millimetre Waves and Terahertz Technologies (UCMMT), Qingdao, China, 05-07 Sep 2016, pp. 31-34. ISBN 9781509022779 (doi: 10.1109/UCMMT.2016.7873952)
Li, C. , Loh, T.-H., Humphreys, D. A., Gui, Y., Wang, H. and Qin, F. (2016) A LTE MIMO OTA Test System Using Vector Signal Transceivers. In: European Conference on Networks and Communications 2016, Athens, Greece, 27-30 June 2016,
Loh, T.-H., Li, C. , Wang, H. and Qin, F. (2016) A Software-Defined-Radio Platform for Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output Over-The-Air Measurement. In: 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Davos, Switzerland, 10-15 Apr 2016, ISBN 9788890701863 (doi: 10.1109/EuCAP.2016.7481104)
2015
Li, C. , Loh, T.-H., Tian, Z. H., Xu, Q. and Huang, Y. (2015) A Comparison of Antenna Efficiency Measurements Performed in Two Reverberation Chambers Using Non-Reference Antenna Methods. In: 2015 Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference (LAPC), Loughborough, UK, 02-03 Nov 2015, ISBN 9781479989430 (doi: 10.1109/LAPC.2015.7366141)
Khalid, A.-u.-H. , Li, C. , Lok, L. B. and Cumming, D. R.S. (2015) Oscillation detection technique by using Vector Network Analyzer. Journal of Terahertz Science and Electronic Information Technology, 13(3), pp. 382-388.
2014
Papageorgiou, V., Khalid, A. , Li, C. , Steer, M. J. and Cumming, D. R.S. (2014) Integration techniques of pHEMTs and planar Gunn diodes on GaAs substrates. Solid-State Electronics, 102, pp. 87-92. (doi: 10.1016/j.sse.2014.06.006)
Maricar, M. I., Glover, J., Khalid, A. , Li, C. , Evans, G., Cumming, D. S.R. and Oxley, C. H. (2014) An AlGaAs/GaAs-based planar Gunn diode oscillator with a fundamental frequency operation of 120 GHz. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 56(10), pp. 2449-2451. (doi: 10.1002/mop.28606)
Maricar, M. I., Khalid, A. , Glover, J., Evans, G.A., Vasileious, P., Li, C. , Cumming, D. and Oxley, C.H. (2014) Extraction of second harmonic from the In0.57Ga0.47As planar Gunn diode using radial stub resonators. Solid-State Electronics, 99, pp. 38-40. (doi: 10.1016/j.sse.2014.05.011)
Papageorgiou, V., Khalid, A.-u.-H. , Li, C. and Cumming, D. R.S. (2014) Co-fabrication of planar Gunn diode and HEMT on InP substrate. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 61(8), pp. 2779-2784. (doi: 10.1109/TED.2014.2331368)
Khalid, A. et al. (2014) Terahertz oscillations in an In0.53Ga0.47As submicron planar gunn diode. Journal of Applied Physics, 115(11), p. 114502. (doi: 10.1063/1.4868705)
Grant, J. , McCrindle, I.J.H., Li, C. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2014) Multispectral metamaterial absorber. Optics Letters, 39(5), pp. 1227-1230. (doi: 10.1364/OL.39.001227)
Wang, J., Wang, L., Li, C. , Alharbi, K., Khalid, A. and Wasige, E. (2014) W-band InP-based resonant tunnelling diode oscillator with milliwatt output power. In: 26th International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials, Montpelier, France, 11-15 May 2014, pp. 1-2. (doi: 10.1109/ICIPRM.2014.6880531)
2013
Grant, J. , Escorcia Carranza, I. , Li, C. , McCrindle, I. and Cumming, D. (2013) A monolithic resonant terahertz sensor element comprising a metamaterial absorber and micro-bolometer. Laser and Photonics Reviews, 7(6), pp. 1043-1048. (doi: 10.1002/lpor.201300087)
Li, C. , Grant, J. , Wang, J. and Cumming, D.S. (2013) A Nipkow disk integrated with Fresnel lenses for terahertz single pixel imaging. Optics Express, 21(21), pp. 24452-24459. (doi: 10.1364/OE.21.024452)
Ismaeel Maricar, M. et al. (2013) Planar gunn diode characterisation and resonators elements to realise oscillator circuits. In: International Conference on Advanced Nanomaterials and Emerging Engineering Technologies (ICANMEET-2013), Chennai, India, 24-26 Jul 2013, pp. 597-601. (doi: 10.1109/ICANMEET.2013.6609384)
Saha, S.C., Li, C. , Ma, Y., Grant, J.P. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2013) Fabrication of multilevel silicon diffractive lens at terahertz frequency. IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, 3(4), pp. 479-485. (doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2013.2251929)
Wang, J., Wang, L., Li, C. and Wasige, E. (2013) 28 GHz MMIC resonant tunnelling diode oscillator of around 1mW output power. Electronics Letters, 49(13), pp. 816-818. (doi: 10.1049/el.2013.1583)
Li, C. , Lok, L.B., Khalid, A. , Papageorgiou, V., Grant, J. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2013) Millimeter-wave coplanar stripline power dividers. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, 5(3), pp. 205-212. (doi: 10.1017/S1759078713000421)
Khalid, A. , Li, C. , Dunn, G.M. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2013) Multi-channel GaAs-based planar gunn diodes. In: 40th International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors, Kobe, Japan, 19-23 May 2013,
Khalid, A.-u.-H. , Li, C. , Papageorgiou, V., Pilgrim, N.J., Dunn, G.M. and Cumming, D. (2013) A 218-GHz second-harmonic multiquantum well GaAs-based planar Gunn diodes. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 55(3), pp. 686-688. (doi: 10.1002/mop.27393)
Khalid, A. et al. (2013) In0.53Ga0.47As planar Gunn diodes operating at a fundamental frequency of 164 GHz. IEEE Electron Device Letters, 34(1), pp. 39-41. (doi: 10.1109/LED.2012.2224841)
Li, C. , Lok, L.B., Khalid, A. , Papageorgiou, V., Grant, J. and Cumming, D. (2013) A coplanar ring power divider with high isolation for V-band and W-band applications. In: 42nd European Microwave Conference (EuMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 29 Oct- 01 Nov 2012. IEEE: New York, NY, USA, pp. 57-60. ISBN 9781467322157
Papageorgiou, V., Khalid, A. , Li, C. , Dunn, G. M. and Cumming, D. R. S. (2013) The development of planar Gunn diodes for the realisation of MMIC oscillators. In: IET 1st Annual Active and Passive RF Devices Seminar, Glasgow, UK, 29 Oct. 2013, pp. 55-58. (doi: 10.1049/ic.2013.0248)
Papageorgiou, V., Khalid, A. , Steer, M. J., Li, C. and Cumming, D. R. S. (2013) Monolithic fabrication of a planar Gunn diode and a pHEMT side-by-side. In: ESSDERC/ESSCIRC 2013: 2013 European Solid-State Device Research and 2013 European Solid-State Circuits Conference, Bucharest, Romania, 16-20 Sept. 2013, pp. 111-114. (doi: 10.1109/ESSDERC.2013.6818831)
Papageorgiou, V., Khalid, A. , Steer, M. J., Li, C. and Cumming, D. R. S. (2013) Monolithic Implementation of a Planar Gunn Diode and a pHEMT. In: HETECH 2013: 22nd European Workshop on Heterostructure Technology, Glasgow, UK, 9-11 Sept. 2013, (Unpublished)
Papageorgiou, V., Khalid, A.H. , Li, C. and Cumming, D. (2013) Simulation and fabrication of InGaAs planar Gunn diode on InP substrate. In: 2013 International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials (IPRM), Kobe, Japan, 19-23 May 2013,
Wang, J., Wang, L., Li, C. , Cumming, D. and Wasige, E. (2013) Novel resonant tunnelling diode oscillator with high output power. In: UK Semiconductors 2013, Sheffield, UK, 3 - 4 Jul 2013,
2012
Li, C. , Khalid, A. , Papageorgiou, V., Lok, L.B. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2012) A wideband CPW ring power combiner with low insertion loss and high port isolation. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 22(11), pp. 580-582. (doi: 10.1109/LMWC.2012.2224854)
Khalid, A. , Li, C. , Grant, J. , Saha, S., Ferguson, S. and Cumming, D. (2012) Simple e-beam air-bridge technology for mm-wave applications. Microelectronic Engineering, 98, pp. 262-265. (doi: 10.1016/j.mee.2012.06.006)
Montes, M., Dunn, G., Stephen, A., Khalid, A. , Li, C. , Cumming, D. , Oxley, C.H., Hopper, R.H. and Kuball, M. (2012) Reduction of impact ionization in GaAs-based planar gunn diodes by anode contact design. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 59(3), pp. 654-660. (doi: 10.1109/TED.2011.2177094)
2011
Li, C., Khalid, A. , Caldwell, S.H.P., Holland, M., Dunn, G.M., Thayne, I.G. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2011) Design, fabrication and characterization of In0.23Ga0.77As-channel planar Gunn diodes for millimeter wave applications. Solid-State Electronics, 64(1), pp. 67-72. (doi: 10.1016/j.sse.2011.07.008)
Li, C., Lok, L.B., Khalid, A. , Thayne, I.G. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2011) Investigation of loading effect on power performance for Planar Gunn diodes using load-pull measurement technique. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 21(10), pp. 556-558. (doi: 10.1109/LMWC.2011.2163496)
Hou, L. , Haji, M., Li, C. , Qiu, B.C. and Bryce, A.C. (2011) 80-GHz AlGaInAs/InP 1.55 mu m colliding-pulse mode-locked laser with low divergence angle and timing jitter. Laser Physics Letters, 8(7), pp. 535-540. (doi: 10.1002/lapl.201110029)
Li, C., Khalid, A. , Caldwell, S.H.P., Pilgrim, N.J., Holland, M.C., Dunn, G.M. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2011) Enhancement of power and frequency in Planar Gunn diodes by introducing extra delta-doping layers. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 53(7), pp. 1624-1626. (doi: 10.1002/mop.26071)
Li, C. , Khalid, A. , Lok, L.B. and Cumming, D. (2011) Novel on-wafer measurement technique for passive multiport devices in millimeter wave frequency range. In: 9th Millimeter-Wave User Group Meeting, Glasgow, UK, 31 March 2011, (Unpublished)
Khalid, A. , Li, C., Holland, M.C., Gunn, D.M. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2011) Novel composite contact design and fabrication for planar Gunn devices for millimeter-wave and terahertz frequencies. Physica Status Solidi C, 8(2), pp. 316-318. (doi: 10.1002/pssc.201000529)
Pilgrim, N.J., Khalid, A. , Li, C., Dunn, G.M. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2011) Contact shaping in planar Gunn diodes. Physica Status Solidi C, 8(2), pp. 313-315. (doi: 10.1002/pssc.201000539)
Hou, L. , Haji, M., Li, C. , Akbar, J., Marsh, J.H. and Bryce, A.C. (2011) 80-GHz AlGaInAs/InP 1.55 mu m colliding-pulse mode-locked laser with low divergence angle and timing jitter. In: Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe and 12th European Quantum Electronics Conference, Munich, Germany, 22-26 May 2011, (doi: 10.1109/CLEOE.2011.5942606)
Khalid, A. , Li, C. , Grant, J. , Saha, S., Ferguson, S. and Cumming, D. (2011) A simple air bridge technology for mm-wave applications. In: 37th International Conference on Micro and Nano Engineering: MNE 2011, Berlin, 19 - 23 September 2011,
Li, C. , Lok, L.B., Khalid, A. and Cumming, D. (2011) A broadband circular combiner/divider for planar Gunn oscillators. In: 2nd Annual Passive RF and Microwave Components Seminar. The Institution of Engineering and Technology, pp. 15-20. ISBN 9781849193221 (doi: 10.1049/ic.2011.0196)
Li, C., Lok, L.B., Khalid, A. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2011) Coplanar ring divider with wideband high isolation performance. Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters, 25, pp. 1-10.
2010
Khalid, A. , Li, C. and Cumming, D. (2010) Vertical scaling of multi-stack Planar Gunn diodes. 2010 International Semiconductor Conference (CAS), 2, pp. 427-430. (doi: 10.1109/SMICND.2010.5650562)
Li, C. , Khalid, A. , Lok, L. and Cumming, D. (2010) Low power signal detection in emerging transferred electron devices using vector network analyser above 100 GHz. In: 8th NPL Millimeter-wave Users's Group Meeting, London, UK, 1 Oct 2010,
Li, C. , Khalid, A. , Lok, L.B., Holland, M. and Cumming, D. (2010) Millimeter-wave planar Gunn diodes. In: UK Semiconductors 2010, Sheffield, UK, 7-8 Jul 2010, (Unpublished)
Khalid, A. , Li, C. , Pilgrim, N. J., Holland, M. C., Dunn, G. M. and Cumming, D. R. S. (2010) Novel Composite Contact Design and Fabrication for Planar Gunn Devices for Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Frequencies. In: ISCS 2010: 37th International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors, Kagawa, Japan, 31 May - 4 June 2010,
Li, C., Khalid, A. , Lok, L.B., Pilgrim, N.J., Holland, M., Dunn, G.M. and Cumming, D. (2010) An In0.23Ga0.77As-based pHEMT-like Planar Gunn Diode Operating at 116 GHz. In: 35th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves, Rome, Italy, 5 - 10 September 2010,
Li, C. , Khalid, A. , Paluchowski Caldwell, S. H., Pilgrim, N. J., Holland, M. C., Dunn, G. M. and Cumming, D. R. S. (2010) Enhancement of Power and Frequency in HEMT-Like Planar Gunn Diodes by Introducing Extra Delta-Doping Layers. In: ISCS 2010: 37th International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors, Kagawa, Japan, 31 May - 4 June 2010,
Lok, L.B., Li, C., Khalid, A. , Pilgrim, N.J., Dunn, G.M. and Cumming, D. (2010) Demonstration of the Self-Mixing Effect with a Planar Gunn Diode at Millimeter-Wave Frequency. In: 35th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves, Rome, Italy, 5 -10 September 2010,
2009
Khalid, A. , Li, C., Dunn, G., Pilgrim, N. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2009) Observation of multiple domains in a planar Gunn diode. In: EuMC 2009: European Microwave Conference: 28 September - 2 October 2009, Rome, Italy. IEEE Computer Society: Piscataway, N.J., USA, pp. 298-300. ISBN 9781424447497
Li, C., Khalid, A. , Pilgrim, N., Holland, M.C., Dunn, G. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2009) Novel planar Gunn diode operating in fundamental mode up to 158 GHz. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 193(1), 012029. (doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/193/1/012029)
Articles
Beniwal, A. , Gond, R., Karagiorgis, X., Rawat, B. and Li, C. (2025) Room temperature operated Fe2O3/PANI-based flexible and eco-friendly ammonia sensor with sub-ppm detectability. IEEE Sensors Letters, 9(2), 2000404. (doi: 10.1109/LSENS.2025.3527229)
Beniwal, A. , Ganguly, P., Khandelwal, G. , Gond, R., Rawat, B. and Li, C. (2025) Additive strategies to mitigate humidity interference effects on PEDOT:PSS sensors for ammonia detection. IEEE Sensors Journal, (doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2025.3533298) (Early Online Publication)
Shukla, P., Gond, R., Beniwal, A. , Li, C. and Rawat, B. (2025) Disposable and highly sensitive humidity sensor based on PEDOT:PSS/GO heterostructure. IEEE Journal on Flexible Electronics, (doi: 10.1109/jflex.2025.3533498) (Early Online Publication)
Cheng, H., Wang, J., Kelly, J. , Ofiare, A., Thoms, S. and Li, C. (2024) HEMT with ultra-low contact resistance for millimeter wave and sub-terahertz applications: design, fabrication and characterization. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, (Accepted for Publication)
Ma, Y. , Jiang, Y. and Li, C. (2024) A universal model for ultrasonic energy transmission in various media. Sensors, 24(19), 6230. (doi: 10.3390/s24196230)
Beniwal, A. , Khandelwal, G. , Mukherjee, R. , Mulvihill, D. M. and Li, C. (2024) Eco-friendly textile-based wearable humidity sensor with multinode wireless connectivity for healthcare applications. ACS Applied Bio Materials, 7(7), pp. 4772-4784. (doi: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00593) (PMID:38963128) (PMCID:PMC11253092)
Beniwal, A. , Ganguly, P., Gond, R., Rawat, B. and Li, C. (2023) Room temperature operated PEDOT: PSS based flexible and disposable NO2 gas sensor. IEEE Sensors Letters, 7(9), 2001804. (doi: 10.1109/lsens.2023.3308518)
Xia, Y., Yuan, M., Dobrea, A., Li, C. , Heidari, H. , Mottram, N. and Ghannam, R. (2023) Reconfigurable wearable antenna for 5G applications using nematic liquid crystals. Nano Select, 4(8), pp. 513-524. (doi: 10.1002/nano.202200209)
Leitenstorfer, A. et al. (2023) The 2023 Terahertz Science and Technology Roadmap. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 56(22), 223001. (doi: 10.1088/1361-6463/acbe4c)
Karami, K. , Dhongde, A., Cheng, H., Reynolds, P. M. , Reddy, B. A., Ritter, D., Li, C. , Wasige, E. and Thoms, S. (2023) Robust sub-100 nm T-Gate fabrication process using multi-step development. Micro and Nano Engineering, 19, 100211. (doi: 10.1016/j.mne.2023.100211)
Wang, Y., Huang, T., Jin, S., Wang, C., Shen, H., Li, C. , Li, Y. and Wu, W. (2023) A self-biased GaN LNA with 30 dB Gain and 21 dBm P1dB for 5G communications. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, 15(4), pp. 547-553. (doi: 10.1017/S175907872200085X)
Wang, Y., Fu, X., Wu, A., Huo, Y., Liu, C., Luan, P., Lei, L., Liang, F. and Li, C. (2023) An advanced calibration method for probe leakage correction in on-wafer test systems. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 71(2), pp. 682-690. (doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2022.3200050)
Al-Moathin, A. et al. (2022) EML based on identical epitaxial layer, side-wall grating and HSQ planarization. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 34(6), pp. 317-320. (doi: 10.1109/LPT.2022.3155730)
Danilin, S. , Barbosa, J., Farage, M., Zhao, Z., Shang, X., Burnett, J., Ridler, N., Li, C. and Weides, M. (2022) Engineering the microwave to infrared noise photon flux for superconducting quantum systems. EPJ Quantum Technology, 9, 1. (doi: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-022-00121-6)
Abohmra, A., Abbas, H. , Kazim, J. U. R. , Rabbani, M. S., Li, C. , Alomainy, A., Imran, M. A. and Abbasi, Q. H. (2021) An ultrawideband microfabricated gold-based antenna array for terahertz communication. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 20(11), pp. 2156-2160. (doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2021.3072562)
Wu, A., Liu, C., Liang, F., Zou, X., Wang, Y., Luan, P. and Li, C. (2020) Calibration on the fly—a novel two-port S-parameter measurement method for on-wafer leaky systems. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 68(8), pp. 3558-3564. (doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2020.2988461)
Wu, A., Fu, X., Liu, C., Li, C. , Wang, Y., Liang, F. and Luan, P. (2020) Optimal design of passive devices for verifying on-wafer noise parameter measurement systems. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 69(6), pp. 2837-2844. (doi: 10.1109/TIM.2019.2929671)
Wang, Y., Li, L.-A., Li, C. , Ao, J.-P., Wang, X. and Hao, Y. (2020) Thermal analysis of AlGaN/GaN hetero-structural Gunn diodes on different substrates through numerical simulation. IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society, 8, pp. 134-139. (doi: 10.1109/JEDS.2020.2967473)
Al-Moathin, A., Hou, L. , Ofiare, A., Wang, J., Ye, S. , Li, C. and Marsh, J. H. (2019) Thick film hydrogen silsesquioxane planarization for passive component technology associated with electronic-photonic integrated circuits. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures, 37(6), 061210. (doi: 10.1116/1.5123286)
Ridler, N. M., Clarke, R. G., Li, C. and Salter, M. J. (2019) Strategies for traceable submillimeter-wave vector network analyzer measurements. IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, 9(4), pp. 392-398. (doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2019.2911870)
Li, C. , Liu, C., Wu, A. and Ridler, N. (2018) A new SOLT calibration method for leaky on-wafer measurements using a 10-term error model. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 66(8), pp. 3894-3900. (doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2018.2832052)
Votsi, H., Li, C. , Aaen, P. H. and Ridler, N. M. (2017) An active interferometric method for extreme impedance on-wafer device measurements. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 27(11), pp. 1034-1036. (doi: 10.1109/LMWC.2017.2750086)
Li, C. , Loh, T.-H., Tian, Z., Xu, Q. and Huang, Y. (2017) Evaluation of chamber effects on antenna efficiency measurements using non-reference antenna methods in two reverberation chambers. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, 11(11), pp. 1536-1541. (doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2015.0838)
Khalid, A.-u.-H. , Li, C. , Lok, L. B. and Cumming, D. R.S. (2015) Oscillation detection technique by using Vector Network Analyzer. Journal of Terahertz Science and Electronic Information Technology, 13(3), pp. 382-388.
Papageorgiou, V., Khalid, A. , Li, C. , Steer, M. J. and Cumming, D. R.S. (2014) Integration techniques of pHEMTs and planar Gunn diodes on GaAs substrates. Solid-State Electronics, 102, pp. 87-92. (doi: 10.1016/j.sse.2014.06.006)
Maricar, M. I., Glover, J., Khalid, A. , Li, C. , Evans, G., Cumming, D. S.R. and Oxley, C. H. (2014) An AlGaAs/GaAs-based planar Gunn diode oscillator with a fundamental frequency operation of 120 GHz. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 56(10), pp. 2449-2451. (doi: 10.1002/mop.28606)
Maricar, M. I., Khalid, A. , Glover, J., Evans, G.A., Vasileious, P., Li, C. , Cumming, D. and Oxley, C.H. (2014) Extraction of second harmonic from the In0.57Ga0.47As planar Gunn diode using radial stub resonators. Solid-State Electronics, 99, pp. 38-40. (doi: 10.1016/j.sse.2014.05.011)
Papageorgiou, V., Khalid, A.-u.-H. , Li, C. and Cumming, D. R.S. (2014) Co-fabrication of planar Gunn diode and HEMT on InP substrate. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 61(8), pp. 2779-2784. (doi: 10.1109/TED.2014.2331368)
Khalid, A. et al. (2014) Terahertz oscillations in an In0.53Ga0.47As submicron planar gunn diode. Journal of Applied Physics, 115(11), p. 114502. (doi: 10.1063/1.4868705)
Grant, J. , McCrindle, I.J.H., Li, C. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2014) Multispectral metamaterial absorber. Optics Letters, 39(5), pp. 1227-1230. (doi: 10.1364/OL.39.001227)
Grant, J. , Escorcia Carranza, I. , Li, C. , McCrindle, I. and Cumming, D. (2013) A monolithic resonant terahertz sensor element comprising a metamaterial absorber and micro-bolometer. Laser and Photonics Reviews, 7(6), pp. 1043-1048. (doi: 10.1002/lpor.201300087)
Li, C. , Grant, J. , Wang, J. and Cumming, D.S. (2013) A Nipkow disk integrated with Fresnel lenses for terahertz single pixel imaging. Optics Express, 21(21), pp. 24452-24459. (doi: 10.1364/OE.21.024452)
Saha, S.C., Li, C. , Ma, Y., Grant, J.P. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2013) Fabrication of multilevel silicon diffractive lens at terahertz frequency. IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, 3(4), pp. 479-485. (doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2013.2251929)
Wang, J., Wang, L., Li, C. and Wasige, E. (2013) 28 GHz MMIC resonant tunnelling diode oscillator of around 1mW output power. Electronics Letters, 49(13), pp. 816-818. (doi: 10.1049/el.2013.1583)
Li, C. , Lok, L.B., Khalid, A. , Papageorgiou, V., Grant, J. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2013) Millimeter-wave coplanar stripline power dividers. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, 5(3), pp. 205-212. (doi: 10.1017/S1759078713000421)
Khalid, A.-u.-H. , Li, C. , Papageorgiou, V., Pilgrim, N.J., Dunn, G.M. and Cumming, D. (2013) A 218-GHz second-harmonic multiquantum well GaAs-based planar Gunn diodes. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 55(3), pp. 686-688. (doi: 10.1002/mop.27393)
Khalid, A. et al. (2013) In0.53Ga0.47As planar Gunn diodes operating at a fundamental frequency of 164 GHz. IEEE Electron Device Letters, 34(1), pp. 39-41. (doi: 10.1109/LED.2012.2224841)
Li, C. , Khalid, A. , Papageorgiou, V., Lok, L.B. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2012) A wideband CPW ring power combiner with low insertion loss and high port isolation. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 22(11), pp. 580-582. (doi: 10.1109/LMWC.2012.2224854)
Khalid, A. , Li, C. , Grant, J. , Saha, S., Ferguson, S. and Cumming, D. (2012) Simple e-beam air-bridge technology for mm-wave applications. Microelectronic Engineering, 98, pp. 262-265. (doi: 10.1016/j.mee.2012.06.006)
Montes, M., Dunn, G., Stephen, A., Khalid, A. , Li, C. , Cumming, D. , Oxley, C.H., Hopper, R.H. and Kuball, M. (2012) Reduction of impact ionization in GaAs-based planar gunn diodes by anode contact design. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 59(3), pp. 654-660. (doi: 10.1109/TED.2011.2177094)
Li, C., Khalid, A. , Caldwell, S.H.P., Holland, M., Dunn, G.M., Thayne, I.G. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2011) Design, fabrication and characterization of In0.23Ga0.77As-channel planar Gunn diodes for millimeter wave applications. Solid-State Electronics, 64(1), pp. 67-72. (doi: 10.1016/j.sse.2011.07.008)
Li, C., Lok, L.B., Khalid, A. , Thayne, I.G. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2011) Investigation of loading effect on power performance for Planar Gunn diodes using load-pull measurement technique. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 21(10), pp. 556-558. (doi: 10.1109/LMWC.2011.2163496)
Hou, L. , Haji, M., Li, C. , Qiu, B.C. and Bryce, A.C. (2011) 80-GHz AlGaInAs/InP 1.55 mu m colliding-pulse mode-locked laser with low divergence angle and timing jitter. Laser Physics Letters, 8(7), pp. 535-540. (doi: 10.1002/lapl.201110029)
Li, C., Khalid, A. , Caldwell, S.H.P., Pilgrim, N.J., Holland, M.C., Dunn, G.M. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2011) Enhancement of power and frequency in Planar Gunn diodes by introducing extra delta-doping layers. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 53(7), pp. 1624-1626. (doi: 10.1002/mop.26071)
Khalid, A. , Li, C., Holland, M.C., Gunn, D.M. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2011) Novel composite contact design and fabrication for planar Gunn devices for millimeter-wave and terahertz frequencies. Physica Status Solidi C, 8(2), pp. 316-318. (doi: 10.1002/pssc.201000529)
Pilgrim, N.J., Khalid, A. , Li, C., Dunn, G.M. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2011) Contact shaping in planar Gunn diodes. Physica Status Solidi C, 8(2), pp. 313-315. (doi: 10.1002/pssc.201000539)
Li, C., Lok, L.B., Khalid, A. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2011) Coplanar ring divider with wideband high isolation performance. Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters, 25, pp. 1-10.
Khalid, A. , Li, C. and Cumming, D. (2010) Vertical scaling of multi-stack Planar Gunn diodes. 2010 International Semiconductor Conference (CAS), 2, pp. 427-430. (doi: 10.1109/SMICND.2010.5650562)
Li, C., Khalid, A. , Pilgrim, N., Holland, M.C., Dunn, G. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2009) Novel planar Gunn diode operating in fundamental mode up to 158 GHz. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 193(1), 012029. (doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/193/1/012029)
Book Sections
Aniel, F. et al. (2023) Terahertz electronic devices. In: Rudan, Massimo, Brunetti, Rossella and Reggiani, Susanna (eds.) Springer Handbook of Semiconductor Devices. Series: Springer Handbooks. Springer: Cham, pp. 807-849. ISBN 9783030798277 (doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-79827-7_22)
Li, C. , Lok, L.B., Khalid, A. , Papageorgiou, V., Grant, J. and Cumming, D. (2013) A coplanar ring power divider with high isolation for V-band and W-band applications. In: 42nd European Microwave Conference (EuMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 29 Oct- 01 Nov 2012. IEEE: New York, NY, USA, pp. 57-60. ISBN 9781467322157
Li, C. , Lok, L.B., Khalid, A. and Cumming, D. (2011) A broadband circular combiner/divider for planar Gunn oscillators. In: 2nd Annual Passive RF and Microwave Components Seminar. The Institution of Engineering and Technology, pp. 15-20. ISBN 9781849193221 (doi: 10.1049/ic.2011.0196)
Khalid, A. , Li, C., Dunn, G., Pilgrim, N. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2009) Observation of multiple domains in a planar Gunn diode. In: EuMC 2009: European Microwave Conference: 28 September - 2 October 2009, Rome, Italy. IEEE Computer Society: Piscataway, N.J., USA, pp. 298-300. ISBN 9781424447497
Research Reports or Papers
Li, C. , Tang, Y. K. , Saha, S., Ali, M. T. B., Basith, M. A. and Marma, A. (2019) Feasibility Studies on Deploying a Self-Contained Solar-Hydraulic Pilot Power Plant in a Rural Area in Bangladesh. [Research Reports or Papers] (Unpublished)
Conference or Workshop Item
Zhong, M., Jiang, Y., Ma, Y. and Li, C. (2024) An Ultra-wideband Off-axis Reflector Lens. 2024 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS), San Antonio, Texas, USA, 21-24 Jan 2024. ISBN 9798350340464 (doi: 10.1109/RWS56914.2024.10438633)
Wang, J., Ofiare, A., CHENG, H., Wasige, E. and Li, C. (2023) Benchmarking a High Electron Mobility Transistor Using an Active Load-Pull System at 120 GHz -170 GHz. 102nd ARFTG Microwave Measurement Symposium, San Antonio, TX, USA, 21-24 Jan 2024. (Accepted for Publication)
Li, C. , Ofiare, A., Wang, J., Cheng, H., Al-Khalidi, A. and Wasige, E. (2023) Case Studies on Millimetre-wave and Terahertz On-chip Circuit Test Cluster for 6G Communications and Beyond programme at the University of Glasgow. Automated RF & Microwave Measurement Society (ARMMS) 2023 Autumn, Cambourne, UK, 06-07 Nov 2023.
Cheng, H., Wang, J., Kelly, J. and Li, C. (2023) Recent Development of THz InP HEMTs at the University of Glasgow. IET Colloquium on mmWave and Terahertz Engineering, Glasgow, 2 November 2023.
Kelly, J. , Wang, J., Cheng, H., Ofiare, A. and Li, C. (2023) Temperature Dependent Hall Parameter Measurements of Heterogeneous InGaAs/InP Ultrafast Transistors. ARMMS: RF and Microwave Society Conference (November 2023), Cambourne, UK, 6-7 November 2023. (Accepted for Publication)
Wang, J., Li, Q., Kelly, J. and Li, C. (2023) Investigation of Noise Performance of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. UK Semiconductors 2023, Sheffield, UK, 12-13 Jul 2023. (Accepted for Publication)
Wang, J., Li, Q., Kelly, J. and Li, C. (2023) Noise Performance and RF Performance of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on Diamond Substrate. UK Semiconductors 2023, Sheffield, UK, 12-13 Jul 2023. (Accepted for Publication)
Li, C. (2022) Advances in Leakage Corrections for On-wafer S-parameter Measurements. European Microwave Week 2022, Milan, Italy, 25-30 Sep 2022.
Farage, M.E. and Li, C. (2022) A W-Band Rectangular Waveguide CRLH Frequency Scanning Array. 2022 47th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), Delft, The Netherlands, 28 Aug - 02 Sep 2022.
Cheng, H., Dhongde, A., Karami, K. , Reynolds, P. , Thoms, S. , Wasige, E. and Li, C. (2022) Reliable T-gate Process for THz HEMTs. UK Semiconductors 2022, Sheffield, UK, 6-7 July 2022.
Zhong, M., Cumming, D. and Li, C. (2022) Power Enhancement of Planar Gunn Oscillators Using Injection Locking. UK Semiconductors 2022, Sheffield, UK, 6-7 July 2022.
Li, C. (2022) Modelling and Correction of Probe-Probe Crosstalk at mm wave Frequencies. International Microwave Symposium 2022, Denver, CO, USA, 19-24 Jun 2022.
Karami, K. , Dhongde, A., Cheng, H., Reynolds, P. M. , Thoms, S. , Reddy, B. A., Ritter, D., Li, C. and Wasige, E. (2022) Robust sub-100 nm T-gate fabrication process using multi-step development. MNE EUROSENSORS 2022, Leuven, Belgium, 19-23 September 2022.
Al-Moathin, A., Smith, M. D., Thayne, I. , Kuball, M. and Li, C. (2022) Low Damage High Selectivity Cl2/N2/O2-Based Inductively Coupled Plasma Etching for GaN/AlGaN Heterostructures. UKNC Winter Meeting 2022, 05-06 Jan 2022.
Farage, M., Zhao, Z., Abbasi, Q. and Li, C. (2021) Evaluation of a 300 GHz Near Field Antenna Measurement System. IET Colloquium on Millimetre-wave and Terahertz Engineering and Technology 2021, 17-18 Mar 2021.
Li, C. , Wu, A., Liu, C., Liang, F., Wang, Y. and Luan, P. (2020) A “Calibration on the Fly” Method for Millimeter-wave On-wafer Measurement. 13th UK-Europe-China Workshop on Millimetre Waves and THz Technologies (UCMMT 2020), Tianjin, China, 29 Aug - 01 Sep 2020. (Accepted for Publication)
Chen, A., Li, C. , Huang, Y. and Zhou, J. (2019) Compact mm-Wave Coplanar Diplexer Design Without Using Air-bridges. The 12th UK/Europe-China Workshop on Millimetre-Waves and Terahertz Technologies (UCMMT 2019), London, UK, 20-22 Aug 2019.
Li, C. , Tang, Y. K. , Saha, S., Bin Ali, M. T. and Basith, M. A. (2019) Current Status of Solar Home Systems in Bangladesh. 7th European Conference on Renewable Energy Systems, Madrid, Spain, 10-12 June 2019.
Li, C. , Liua, C., Wua, A. and Ridlera, N. (2017) Uncertainty Analysis of Calibration Standards for On-wafer Measurements over 110 GHz. UK-Europe-China Workshop on Millimetre-Waves and Terahertz Technologies, Liverpool, UK, 11-13 Sep 2017. (Unpublished)
Conference Proceedings
Farage, M. E. and Li, C. (2025) Rectangular Waveguide-based CRLH Frequency Scanning Array Antenna Operating at W-band. In: IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS2025), San Francisco, CA, USA, 15-20 Jun 2025, (Accepted for Publication)
Ofiare, A., Kelly, J. , wang, j., CHENG, H. and Li, C. (2024) Accurate Broadband On-Wafer Noise Parameter Measurement with Dedicated 2 GHz – 50 GHz Passive Source Tuner: Measurement Uncertainty Contributions. In: ARMMS: RF and Microwave Society Conference, Cambridge, 18-19 November 2024,
Kelly, J. , Wang, J., Ofiare, A., Ridler, N. and Li, C. (2024) Evaluation of On-Wafer Noise Parameter Measurement Techniques at Cryogenic Temperatures. In: 104th ARFTG Microwave Measurement Symposium, Sheraton Puerto Rico Resort & Casino, San Juan, 19-22 Jan 2025, (Accepted for Publication)
Ma, Y. and Li, C. (2024) Experimental Demonstration of a Combined RF-Ultrasonic Wireless Powering System. In: IEEE Radio and Wireless Week, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 19-22 Jan 2025, (Accepted for Publication)
Wang, J., Ofiare, A., Li, Q., Kelly, J. , Wasige, E. and Li, C. (2024) On-wafer Characterisation of Noise Parameters of GaN HEMTs between 77 K and 400 K. In: 103rd ARFTG Microwave Measurement Conference, Washington DC, USA, 21 June 2024, (Accepted for Publication)
Beniwal, A. and Li, C. (2024) Disposable and Flexible PEDOT:PSS-Based Temperature Sensor for Healthcare Applications. In: 2024 IEEE Applied Sensing Conference (APSCON), Goa, India, 22-24 January 2024, ISBN 9798350317275 (doi: 10.1109/APSCON60364.2024.10465834)
Ma, Y. , Jiang, Y. and Li, C. (2024) Combined RF-Ultrasonic Wireless Powering System for Sensor Applications in Harsh Environment. In: 2024 IEEE Radio and Wireless Week, San Antonio, TX, USA, 21-24 Jan 2024, pp. 87-90. ISBN 9798350340457 (doi: 10.1109/RWS56914.2024.10438557)
Jiang, Y., Zhong, M., Ma, Y. , Khusna, E. M., Yi, Y., Ofiare, A., Al-Taai, Q. , Al-Moathin, A. and Li, C. (2023) An X-band Lens Antenna Based on Metasurface. In: 16th UK-Europe-China Workshop on Millimetre Waves and Terahertz Technologies (UCMMT2023), Guangzhou, China, 31 Aug - 02 Sep 2023, ISBN 9798350339406 (doi: 10.1109/UCMMT58116.2023.10310524)
Al-Moathin, A. et al. (2023) Characterization of a Compact Wideband Microwave Metasurface Lens for Cryogenic Applications. In: 2023 101st ARFTG Microwave Measurement Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, 16 Jun 2023, ISBN 9798350323450 (doi: 10.1109/ARFTG57476.2023.10279542)
Kazim, J. u. R. et al. (2023) Wireless Microwave Signal Transmission for Cryogenic Applications. In: 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Portland, Oregon, USA, 23–28 July 2023, pp. 43-44. ISBN 9781665442282 (doi: 10.1109/USNC-URSI52151.2023.10237549)
Wang, J., Xue, L.-Y. , Liu, B. and Li, C. (2022) Design of Terahertz InP pHEMT Using Machine Learning Assisted Global Optimization Techniques. In: European Microwave Week 2021, London, UK, 02-07 Apr 2022, pp. 67-70. ISBN 9781665447225 (doi: 10.23919/EuMIC50153.2022.9784068)
Zhong, M., Cumming, D. R.S. and Li, C. (2022) Numerical and Experimental Investigations of Self-mixing Effect of a Planar Gunn Diode Oscillator. In: 2021 16th European Microwave Integrated Circuits Conference (EuMIC), London, UK, 03-04 Apr 2022, pp. 390-393. ISBN 9782874870644 (doi: 10.23919/EuMIC50153.2022.9783700)
Al-Moathin, A., Li, C. , Wang, J., Al-Taai, Q. R. A. , Eddie, I., Ye, S. , Hou, L. , Thoms, S. , Kelly, A. and Marsh, J. H. (2021) Traveling-Wave Electroabsorption Modulated Laser Based on Identical Epitaxial Layer Scheme and HSQ Planarization. In: CLEO/Europe-EQEC 2021, Munich, Germany, 21-25 Jun 2021, ISBN 9781665418768 (doi: 10.1109/CLEO/Europe-EQEC52157.2021.9542652)
Ahmad, W. , Li, C. and Gamage, K. A.A. (2021) Deployment of Robots Remotely in Teaching Programming and Robotics – Future of Engineering Laboratories. In: Practical Engineering Education 21 Conference (PEE-21), Sheffield, UK, 16-17 Sept 2021,
Scott-George, A., Li, C. , Tang, Y. K. , Shimul, S., Tareq Bin Ali, M., Marma, A. and Pal, S. (2021) A Review on the Sustainability of Solar Home System for Rural Electrification. In: 6th International Conference on Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering (ICSREE 2021), Strasbourg, France, 5-7 May 2021, 02003. (doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202129402003)
Das, S. et al. (2021) Design and Analysis of an AC Coupled Photovoltaic System for an Off-grid Community in Chittagong Hill Tracts. In: 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy Generation and Applications (ICREGA), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, 02-04 Feb 2021, pp. 39-43. ISBN 9781728183015 (doi: 10.1109/ICREGA50506.2021.9388295)
Al-Moathin, A., Li, C. , Hou, L. and Marsh, J. H. (2021) Novel Design for Electroabsorption Modulator Based on Microstrip Transmission Line Technology. In: Semiconductor and Integrated Opto-Electronics (SIOE) Conference, Cardiff, UK, 30 March - 1 April 2021, (Accepted for Publication)
Zhao, Z., Farage, M. E., Yi, Y. and Li, C. (2020) A Quasi-optical THz Imaging System Using a One-port Vector Network Analyser. In: 5th International Conference on the UK-China Emerging Technologies (UCET 2020), Glasgow, UK, 20-21 Aug 2020, ISBN 9781728194899 (doi: 10.1109/UCET51115.2020.9205425)
Vosti, H., Stant, L. T., Matei, C., Salter, M. J., Li, C. , Ridler, N. M. and Aaen, P. H. (2020) An Interferometric Characterization Technique for Extreme Impedance Microwave Devices. In: 94th ARFTG Microwave Measurement Symposium, San Antonio, TX, USA, 26-29 Jan 2020, ISBN 9781728120577 (doi: 10.1109/ARFTG47584.2020.9071748)
Zahid, A., Yang, K., Heidari, H. , Li, C. , Imran, M. A. , Alomainy, A. and Abbasi, Q. H. (2018) Terahertz Characterisation of Living Plant Leaves for Quality of Life Assessment Applications. In: Microwave and Radar Week (MIKON-2018 and Baltic URSI Symposium-2018, Poznań, Poland, 14-17 May 2018, pp. 117-120. ISBN 9788394942137 (doi: 10.23919/URSI.2018.8406770)
Clarke, R.G., Li, C. and Ridler, N.M. (2018) An Intra-laboratory Investigation of On-wafer Measurement Reproducibility at Millimeter-wave Frequencies. In: 2017 90th ARFTC Microwave Measurement Symposium (ARFTG), Boulder, CO, USA, 28 Nov - 01 Dec 2017, ISBN 9781538643563 (doi: 10.1109/ARFTG.2017.8255866)
Wu, A., Li, C. , Sun, J., Wang, Y. and Liu, C. (2018) Development of a Verification Technique for On-wafer Noise Figure Measurement Systems. In: 2017 90th ARFTC Microwave Measurement Symposium (ARFTG), Boulder, CO, USA, 28 Nov - 01 Dec 2017, ISBN 9781538643563 (doi: 10.1109/ARFTG.2017.8255878)
Ridler, N. and Li, C. (2017) Benchmarking Electrical Loss in Rectangular Metallic Waveguide at Submillimeter Wavelengths. In: 2017 10th UK-Europe-China Workshop on Milimetre Waves and Terahertz Technologies (UCMMT), Liverpool, UK, 11-13 Sep 2017, ISBN 9781538627204 (doi: 10.1109/UCMMT.2017.8068355)
Votsi, H., Roch-Jeune, I., Haddadi, K., Li, C. , Dambrine, G., Aaen, P.H. and Ridler, N. (2016) Development of a Reference Wafer for On-Wafer Testing of Extreme Impedance Devices. In: 2016 88th ARFTG Microwave Measurement Conference (ARFTG), Austin, TX, USA, 08-09 Dec 2016, ISBN 9781509045150 (doi: 10.1109/ARFTG.2016.7839719)
Tian, Z., Huang, Y., Zu, Q., Loh, T.-H. and Li, C. (2016) Measurement of Absorption Cross Section of a Lossy Object in Reverberation Chamber Without the Need for Calibration. In: 2016 Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference (LAPC), Loughborough, UK, 14-15 Nov 2016, ISBN 9781509007844 (doi: 10.1109/LAPC.2016.7807533)
Khalid, A. , Cumming, D. , Clarke, R., Li, C. and Ridler, N. (2016) Evaluation of a VNA-based material characterization kit at frequencies from 0.75 THz to 1.1 THz. In: 2016 IEEE 9th UK-Europe-China Workshop on Millimetre Waves and Terahertz Technologies (UCMMT), Qingdao, China, 05-07 Sep 2016, pp. 31-34. ISBN 9781509022779 (doi: 10.1109/UCMMT.2016.7873952)
Li, C. , Loh, T.-H., Humphreys, D. A., Gui, Y., Wang, H. and Qin, F. (2016) A LTE MIMO OTA Test System Using Vector Signal Transceivers. In: European Conference on Networks and Communications 2016, Athens, Greece, 27-30 June 2016,
Loh, T.-H., Li, C. , Wang, H. and Qin, F. (2016) A Software-Defined-Radio Platform for Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output Over-The-Air Measurement. In: 2016 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Davos, Switzerland, 10-15 Apr 2016, ISBN 9788890701863 (doi: 10.1109/EuCAP.2016.7481104)
Li, C. , Loh, T.-H., Tian, Z. H., Xu, Q. and Huang, Y. (2015) A Comparison of Antenna Efficiency Measurements Performed in Two Reverberation Chambers Using Non-Reference Antenna Methods. In: 2015 Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference (LAPC), Loughborough, UK, 02-03 Nov 2015, ISBN 9781479989430 (doi: 10.1109/LAPC.2015.7366141)
Wang, J., Wang, L., Li, C. , Alharbi, K., Khalid, A. and Wasige, E. (2014) W-band InP-based resonant tunnelling diode oscillator with milliwatt output power. In: 26th International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials, Montpelier, France, 11-15 May 2014, pp. 1-2. (doi: 10.1109/ICIPRM.2014.6880531)
Ismaeel Maricar, M. et al. (2013) Planar gunn diode characterisation and resonators elements to realise oscillator circuits. In: International Conference on Advanced Nanomaterials and Emerging Engineering Technologies (ICANMEET-2013), Chennai, India, 24-26 Jul 2013, pp. 597-601. (doi: 10.1109/ICANMEET.2013.6609384)
Khalid, A. , Li, C. , Dunn, G.M. and Cumming, D.R.S. (2013) Multi-channel GaAs-based planar gunn diodes. In: 40th International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors, Kobe, Japan, 19-23 May 2013,
Papageorgiou, V., Khalid, A. , Li, C. , Dunn, G. M. and Cumming, D. R. S. (2013) The development of planar Gunn diodes for the realisation of MMIC oscillators. In: IET 1st Annual Active and Passive RF Devices Seminar, Glasgow, UK, 29 Oct. 2013, pp. 55-58. (doi: 10.1049/ic.2013.0248)
Papageorgiou, V., Khalid, A. , Steer, M. J., Li, C. and Cumming, D. R. S. (2013) Monolithic fabrication of a planar Gunn diode and a pHEMT side-by-side. In: ESSDERC/ESSCIRC 2013: 2013 European Solid-State Device Research and 2013 European Solid-State Circuits Conference, Bucharest, Romania, 16-20 Sept. 2013, pp. 111-114. (doi: 10.1109/ESSDERC.2013.6818831)
Papageorgiou, V., Khalid, A. , Steer, M. J., Li, C. and Cumming, D. R. S. (2013) Monolithic Implementation of a Planar Gunn Diode and a pHEMT. In: HETECH 2013: 22nd European Workshop on Heterostructure Technology, Glasgow, UK, 9-11 Sept. 2013, (Unpublished)
Papageorgiou, V., Khalid, A.H. , Li, C. and Cumming, D. (2013) Simulation and fabrication of InGaAs planar Gunn diode on InP substrate. In: 2013 International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials (IPRM), Kobe, Japan, 19-23 May 2013,
Wang, J., Wang, L., Li, C. , Cumming, D. and Wasige, E. (2013) Novel resonant tunnelling diode oscillator with high output power. In: UK Semiconductors 2013, Sheffield, UK, 3 - 4 Jul 2013,
Li, C. , Khalid, A. , Lok, L.B. and Cumming, D. (2011) Novel on-wafer measurement technique for passive multiport devices in millimeter wave frequency range. In: 9th Millimeter-Wave User Group Meeting, Glasgow, UK, 31 March 2011, (Unpublished)
Hou, L. , Haji, M., Li, C. , Akbar, J., Marsh, J.H. and Bryce, A.C. (2011) 80-GHz AlGaInAs/InP 1.55 mu m colliding-pulse mode-locked laser with low divergence angle and timing jitter. In: Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe and 12th European Quantum Electronics Conference, Munich, Germany, 22-26 May 2011, (doi: 10.1109/CLEOE.2011.5942606)
Khalid, A. , Li, C. , Grant, J. , Saha, S., Ferguson, S. and Cumming, D. (2011) A simple air bridge technology for mm-wave applications. In: 37th International Conference on Micro and Nano Engineering: MNE 2011, Berlin, 19 - 23 September 2011,
Li, C. , Khalid, A. , Lok, L. and Cumming, D. (2010) Low power signal detection in emerging transferred electron devices using vector network analyser above 100 GHz. In: 8th NPL Millimeter-wave Users's Group Meeting, London, UK, 1 Oct 2010,
Li, C. , Khalid, A. , Lok, L.B., Holland, M. and Cumming, D. (2010) Millimeter-wave planar Gunn diodes. In: UK Semiconductors 2010, Sheffield, UK, 7-8 Jul 2010, (Unpublished)
Khalid, A. , Li, C. , Pilgrim, N. J., Holland, M. C., Dunn, G. M. and Cumming, D. R. S. (2010) Novel Composite Contact Design and Fabrication for Planar Gunn Devices for Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Frequencies. In: ISCS 2010: 37th International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors, Kagawa, Japan, 31 May - 4 June 2010,
Li, C., Khalid, A. , Lok, L.B., Pilgrim, N.J., Holland, M., Dunn, G.M. and Cumming, D. (2010) An In0.23Ga0.77As-based pHEMT-like Planar Gunn Diode Operating at 116 GHz. In: 35th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves, Rome, Italy, 5 - 10 September 2010,
Li, C. , Khalid, A. , Paluchowski Caldwell, S. H., Pilgrim, N. J., Holland, M. C., Dunn, G. M. and Cumming, D. R. S. (2010) Enhancement of Power and Frequency in HEMT-Like Planar Gunn Diodes by Introducing Extra Delta-Doping Layers. In: ISCS 2010: 37th International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors, Kagawa, Japan, 31 May - 4 June 2010,
Lok, L.B., Li, C., Khalid, A. , Pilgrim, N.J., Dunn, G.M. and Cumming, D. (2010) Demonstration of the Self-Mixing Effect with a Planar Gunn Diode at Millimeter-Wave Frequency. In: 35th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves, Rome, Italy, 5 -10 September 2010,
Grants
Current grants (Selected)
"Exploitation of GaN HEMTs for low noise applications (ELECT)", EPSRC IAA, PI, 2024-2025
"Direct Detection Receivers for Millimetre Wave Radiometry", UKSA, Glasgow PI, £439k, May 2024 - Nov 2025
"Automated Nano AnaLysing, characterisatiOn and additive packaGing sUitE (ANALOGUE)", EPSRC EP/Y015215/1, CoI, £3M, Feb 2024-Jan 2027
"Tackling Challenges in On-Wafer Measurements at Above 100 GHz", PhD Studentship, fully funded by Keysight Technologies, 10/2023-05/2027, PI
"Showcase of the 6G test capabilities at the University of Glasgow (SOUL)", EPSRC IAA, 04.2023-03.2024, PI, £37.1k
"Wireless Controls and Readouts for Qubit Upscaling (WiQC)", EPSRC EP/X017613/1, 10.2022-06.2025, PI, £200k
"Empowering Practical Interfacing of Quantum Computing (EPIQC)", EPSRC EP/W032627/1, 04.2022-03.2026, CoI, £3M
"GaN Smart Power Integrated Circuit Techonlogy (GaN SPICe)", EPSRC EP/V026127/1, 10.2021-03.2025, CoI, £502k
"Development of multi-physical on-wafer test capabilities for advanced communications and quantum technologies", NPL cofunded PhD scholarship, 04.2022-11.2026, PI
Past Projects (Selected)
"Disposable Sensor for Continuous Detection of Renal Disease (DETECT)", Marie Curie Early Career Fellowship (Dr. Ajay Beniwal), 12/2022-1/2024, £204K
"Millimetre-wave and Terahertz On-chip Circuit Test Cluster for 6G Communications and Beyond (TiC6G)", EPSRC EP/W006448/1 ,01.2022-06.2024, Internal lead, £2.62M
"Digitally tunable microwave metamaterials", DASA, PI (reputidated)
"EPSRC (UK) and DFG (Germany) joint workshop on THz integration technologies", EPSRC, Travel grant, PI, Oct 2022
"Integrated GaN-Diamond Microwave Electronics: From Materials, Transistors to MMICs (GaN_DaME)", EPSRC Programme Grant, EP/P00945X/1, 01.2017-03.2023, GU PI, £4.3M
"Solar-Hydro power project", InnovateUK Energy Catalyst R7, TS/S021582/1, 04.2020-08.2021, PI, £300k
"Dielectric materials for 5G base station", 2020, PI
Horizon2020 PlanarCal (€1.8M) 2015-2018, WP leader
Horizon2020 MET5G (€1.6M) 2015-2018, Researcher
Horizon2020 MORSE (€2.4M) 2013-2016, Researcher
DECC DGO2 (£0.9M) 2014, WP leader
Supervision
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PDRAs:
Dr. Qusay Raghib Ali Al-Taai, "Wireless interfacing for qubit upscaling (WiQC)"
Dr. Ajay Beniwal, Marie Curie Early Stage Reseracher "DETECT"
Dr. Ming Yan Zhong, "Empowering Practical Interfacing of Quantum Computing (EPIQC)"
Mr. Huihua Cheng, "Direct Detection Receivers for Millimetre Wave Radiometry"
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Current PhD students:
J. Wang (10.2019-) "Modelling and characterisation of mm-wave transistors and low noise amplifiers" (1st supervisor)
H. Cheng (10.2019-) "Development of high frequency InP transistors" (1st supervisor)
Y. Ma (11.2020-) "Hybrid RF/Ulstrasound energy harvester" (1st supervisor)
Q. Li (11.2021-) "AI-driven design for transistors and LNAs" (1st supervisor)
Y. Jiang (03.2022-) "Advanced antennas for future wireless communications" (1st supervisor)
J. Kelly (04.2022-) "Development of multi-physical on-wafer test capabilities for advanced communications and quantum technologies" (1st supervisor)
E. M. Khusna (02.2023-) "On-Chip Antenna based on Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SSPP) for Commercial THz Systems" (1st supervisor)
J. Shi (10.2023- ) "GaN device for sensing" (1st supervisor)
T. Ju (03.2024- ) "InP-based MMICs" (1st supervisor)
M. Elfleet (07.24- ) "Cryogenic low noise devices and measurements" (1st supervisor)
F. Wu (9.2021-) "MIR detector arrays" (2nd supervisor, with Prof. David Cumming)
Q. Guo (9.2021-) " "(2nd supervisor, with Prof. David Moran)
J. Johny (10.2022-) "" (2nd supervisor, with Prof. David Moran)
Funding opportunities
A fascinating 3.5-year PhD Scholarship is now available in the field of on-chip measurements at above 100 GHz . More details can be found here (https://www.findaphd.com/phds/project/phd-in-engineering-development-of-multi-physical-on-wafer-test-capabilities-for-advanced-communications-and-quantum-technologies/?p136269 )
https://www.gla.ac.uk/postgraduate/doctoraltraining/
- Iloke, Joel Idor
Nitrogen Polar Gallium Nitride Transistor Technology for 6G Applications - Jiang, Yunan
Intelligent metasurface for advanced applications - Johny, Jestin
Evaluation of Ultrawide Bandgap semiconductors for high performance electronics - Kelly, James
Development of multi-physical on-wafer test capabilities - Khusna, Efrilia Marifatul
On-Chip Integration Antenna based on Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SSPP) for Commercial THz System - Ma, Yufei
A Wireless Power Transfer System Combining RF and Ultrasound for Sensor Applications in Harsh Environment - Wu, Shuhao
MIR metamaterials for imaging applications using InSb detector
Visitors
Mr. Mathis Launay, VIACESI, France
Dr. Kushmanda Saurav, IIT Jammu, India
Former group members
- A. Al-Moathian (Research Assitant)
- A. Scott-George (Research Assistant)
- C. Munro (Research Assistant)
- M. Farage (PGR in frequency scanning antennas)
- A. Dhongde (PhD in W-band GaN power amplifiers with Prof. Edward Wasige (2nd supervisor) )
- Y. Yi (PhD in Graphene-based terahertz tunable modulators, 1st supervisor, Prof. David Cumming as 2nd supervisor)
- M. Zhong (PhD in Metasurface-based microwave and mm-wave devices" (1st supervisor)
- Ms.Yi Wang (Visitor)
- DR. Ying Wang (visitor)
Teaching
Current
- Introductory Programming (2024 - 2025)
- Circuit Analysis and Design (since 2023)
- Control and Dynamics (2024 - 2025)
Past
- ENG3043 Real-time Computer Systems (coordinator) (2017-2022)
- ENG4100 Microwave & Optical Transmission System (since 2023)
- ENG3023 Electromagnetic Compatibility (coordinator) (since 2021)
- ENG5056 Microwave and Millimeter-wave Circuit Design (since 2017)
Professional activities & recognition
Editorial boards
- 2017 - 2023: Royal Society Open Science
Professional & learned societies
- 2018 - 2021: Member of General Assembly, European Microwave Association
- 2019 - 2021: Chair of Workshops and Short Courses, European Microwave Week 2021
- 2017: Senior Member, IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
- 2023: Member of Executive Committee, ARFTG
- 2026 - 2026: CoChair of EuMIC, European Microwave Week 2026
Additional information
