2025

Olsthoorn, F. et al. (2025) Woodland expansion and deer management shape tick abundance and Lyme disease hazard. Ecological Solutions and Evidence, 6(1), e12403. (doi: 10.1002/2688-8319.12403)

2024

Worton, A. J., Norman, R. A., Gilbert, L. and Porter, R. B. (2024) GIS-ODE: linking dynamic population models with GIS to predict pathogen vector abundance across a country under climate change scenarios. Journal of the Royal Society: Interface, 21(217), 20240004. (doi: 10.1098/rsif.2024.0004) (PMID:39106949)

Quer, S., Peirce, G. J., Waggershauser, C. N. and Gilbert, L. (2024) Completing the picture: using vertebrae as well as otoliths in diet analysis reveals new preferred prey of great skuas. Marine Biology, 171, 139. (doi: 10.1007/s00227-024-04441-2)

2023

Plahe, G., Hall, J. L., Johnson, D., Gilbert, L. and Birtles, R. (2023) Borrelia bavariensis in Questing Ixodes ricinus Ticks, United Kingdom. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(10), pp. 2173-2175. (doi: 10.3201/eid2910.230907) (PMID:37735806) (PMCID:PMC10521598)

Ribeiro, R. , Eze, J. I., Gilbert, L. , Macrae, A., Duncan, A., Baughan, J., Gunn, G. and Auty, H. (2023) Linking human tick bite risk with tick abundance in the environment: a novel approach to quantify tick bite risk using orienteers in Scotland. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 14(2), 102109. (doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102109)

2022

Gandy, S. , Kilbride, E., Biek, R. , Millins, C. and Gilbert, L. (2022) No net effect of host density on tick-borne disease hazard due to opposing roles of vector amplification and pathogen dilution. Ecology and Evolution, 12(9), e9253. (doi: 10.1002/ece3.9253) (PMID:36091342) (PMCID:PMC9448966)

2021

Gilbert, L. (2021) Climate change impacts on Ixodes ricinus ticks in Scotland and implications for Lyme disease risk. In: Nuttall, Pat (ed.) Climate, Ticks and Disease. Series: CABI Climate Change Series. CABI, pp. 513-517. ISBN 9781789249637 (doi: 10.1079/9781789249637.0074)

Gandy, S. , Kilbride, E., Biek, R. , Millins, C. and Gilbert, L. (2021) Experimental evidence for opposing effects of high deer density on tick-borne disease pathogen prevalence and hazard. Parasites and Vectors, 14(1), 509. (doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-05000-0) (PMID:34593023) (PMCID:PMC8485466)

Alaux, P.‐L., Zhang, Y., Gilbert, L. and Johnson, D. (2021) Can common mycorrhizal fungal networks be managed to enhance ecosystem functionality? Plants, People, Planet, 3(5), pp. 433-444. (doi: 10.1002/ppp3.10178)

Olsthoorn, F., Sprong, H., Fonville, M., Rocchi, M., Medlock, J., Gilbert, L. and Ghazoul, J. (2021) Occurrence of tick-borne pathogens in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks from Wester Ross, Northwest Scotland. Parasites and Vectors, 14(1), 430. (doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04946-5) (PMID:34446082) (PMCID:PMC8393815)

Millins, C. et al. (2021) Emergence of Lyme disease on treeless islands in Scotland, UK. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(2), pp. 538-546. (doi: 10.3201/eid2702.203862) (PMID:33496237) (PMCID:PMC7853560)

Gilbert, L. (2021) The impacts of climate change on ticks and tick-borne disease risk. Annual Review of Entomology, 66, pp. 373-388. (doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-052720-094533) (PMID:33417823)

2020

Gilbert, L. , Brülisauer, F., Willoughby, K. and Cousens, C. (2020) Identifying environmental risk factors for louping Ill virus seroprevalence in sheep and the potential to inform wildlife management policy. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 377. (doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00377) (PMID:32695800) (PMCID:PMC7339109)

2019

Ribeiro, R. , Eze, J. I., Gilbert, L. , Wint, G. R. W., Gunn, G., Macrae, A., Medlock, J. M. and Auty, H. (2019) Using imperfect data in predictive mapping of vectors: a regional example of Ixodes ricinus distribution. Parasites and Vectors, 12, 536. (doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3784-1) (PMID:31727162) (PMCID:PMC6857280)

Rineau, F. et al. (2019) Towards more predictive and interdisciplinary climate change ecosystem experiments. Nature Climate Change, 9, pp. 809-816. (doi: 10.1038/s41558-019-0609-3)

Church, G. E., Furness, R. W., Tyler, G., Gilbert, L. and Votier, S. C. (2019) Change in the North Sea ecosystem from the 1970s to the 2010s: great skua diets reflect changing forage fish, seabirds, and fisheries. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 76(4), pp. 925-937. (doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsy165)

Li, S., Gilbert, L. , Vanwambeke, S. O., Yu, J., Purse, B. V. and Harrison, P. A. (2019) Lyme disease risks in Europe under multiple uncertain drivers of change. Environmental Health Perspectives, 127(6), 067010. (doi: 10.1289/ehp4615) (PMID:31232609) (PMCID:PMC6792373)

Slater, J. M., Gilbert, L. , Johnson, D. and Karley, A. J. (2019) Limited effects of the maternal rearing environment on the behaviour and fitness of an insect herbivore and its natural enemy. PLoS ONE, 14(1), e0209965. (doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209965) (PMID:30633753) (PMCID:PMC6329576)

Al-Khafaji, A. M. et al. (2019) Multi-locus sequence typing of Ixodes ricinus and its symbiont Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii across Europe reveals evidence of local co-cladogenesis in Scotland. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 10(1), pp. 52-62. (doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.08.016) (PMID:30197267)

2018

Millins, C. et al. (2018) Landscape structure affects the prevalence and distribution of a tick-borne zoonotic pathogen. Parasites and Vectors, 11, 621. (doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-3200-2) (PMID:30514350) (PMCID:PMC6278045)

2017

Calladine, J., Humphreys, E. M., Gilbert, L. , Furness, R. W., Robinson, R. A., Fuller, R. J., Littlewood, N. A., Pakeman, R. J., Ferguson, J. and Thompson, C. (2017) Continuing influences of introduced hedgehogs Erinaceus europaeus as a predator of wader (Charadrii) eggs four decades after their release on the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. Biological Invasions, 19(7), pp. 1981-1987. (doi: 10.1007/s10530-017-1422-4)

Millins, C. , Gilbert, L., Medlock, J., Hansford, K., Thompson, D. B.A. and Biek, R. (2017) Effects of conservation management of landscapes and vertebrate communities on Lyme borreliosis risk in the United Kingdom. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 372(1722), 20160123. (doi: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0123) (PMID:28438912) (PMCID:PMC5413871)

Innocent, G. T., Gilbert, L. , Jones, E. O., McLeod, J. E., Gunn, G., McKendrick, I. J. and Albon, S. D. (2017) Combining slaughterhouse surveillance data with cattle tracing scheme and environmental data to quantify environmental risk factors for liver fluke in cattle. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 4, 65. (doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00065) (PMID:28534030) (PMCID:PMC5421147)

Gilbert, L., Brunker, K. , Lande, U., Klingen, I. and Grøva, L. (2017) Environmental risk factors for Ixodes ricinus ticks and their infestation on lambs in a changing ecosystem: Implications for tick control and the impact of woodland encroachment on tick-borne disease in livestock. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 237, pp. 265-273. (doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.041)

Gilbert, L. and Johnson, D. (2017) Plant-plant communication through common mycorrhizal networks. In: Becard, Guillaume (ed.) How Plants Communicate with their Biotic Environment. Series: Advances in botanical research, 82. Academic Press. ISBN 9780128014318

Johnson, D. and Gilbert, L. (2017) Mycorrhizal fungal networks as plant communication systems. In: Dighton, J. and White, J.F. (eds.) The Fungal Community: Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem, Fourth Edition. CRC Press, pp. 539-548. ISBN 9781498706650

2016

Røed, K. H., Kvie, K. S., Hasle, G., Gilbert, L. and Leinaas, H. P. (2016) Phylogenetic lineages and postglacial dispersal dynamics characterize the genetic structure of the tick, Ixodes ricinus, in Northwest Europe. PLoS ONE, 11(12), e0167450. (doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167450) (PMID:27907193) (PMCID:PMC5131986)

Millins, C. , Gilbert, L., Johnson, P. , James, M., Kilbride, E., Birtles, R. and Biek, R. (2016) Heterogeneity in the abundance and distribution of Ixodes ricinus and Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) in Scotland: implications for risk prediction. Parasites and Vectors, 9, 595. (doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1875-9) (PMID:27876087) (PMCID:PMC5084683)

Norman, R.A., Worton, A. J. and Gilbert, L. (2016) Past and future perspectives on mathematical models of tick-borne pathogens. Parasitology, 143(7), pp. 850-859. (doi: 10.1017/S0031182015001523) (PMID:26683345)

Arnold, K. E., Gilbert, L. , Gorman, H. E., Griffiths, K. J., Adam, A. and Nager, R. (2016) Paternal attractiveness and the effects of differential allocation of parental investment. Animal Behaviour, 113, pp. 69-78. (doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.12.013)

Gilbert, L. (2016) Louping ill virus in the UK: a review of the hosts, transmission and ecological consequences of control. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 68(3), pp. 363-374. (doi: 10.1007/s10493-015-9952-x) (PMID:26205612)

Li, S., Gilbert, L. , Harrison, P. A. and Rounsevell, M. D.A. (2016) Modelling the seasonality of Lyme disease risk and the potential impacts of a warming climate within the heterogeneous landscapes of Scotland. Journal of the Royal Society: Interface, 13(116), 20160140. (doi: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0140) (PMID:27030039) (PMCID:PMC4843686)

Gilbert, L. (2016) How landscapes shape Lyme borreliosis risk. In: Braks, Marieta A.H., van Wieren, Sipke E., Takken, Wukkem and Sprong, Hein (eds.) Ecology and Prevention of Lyme Borreliosis. Series: Ecology and control of vector-borne diseases, 4. Wageningen Academic Publishers, pp. 161-171. ISBN 9789086862931 (doi: 10.3920/978-90-8686-838-4_11)

2015

Gilbert, L. and Johnson, D. (2015) Plant-mediated ‘apparent effects’ between mycorrhiza and insect herbivores. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 26, pp. 100-105. (doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.06.008) (PMID:26190588)

Millins, C. , Magierecka, A., Gilbert, L. , Edoff, A., Brereton, A., Kilbride, E., Denwood, M., Birtles, R. and Biek, R. (2015) An invasive mammal (the gray squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis) commonly hosts diverse and atypical genotypes of the zoonotic pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81(13), pp. 4236-4245. (doi: 10.1128/AEM.00109-15) (PMID:25888168) (PMCID:PMC447589)

Johnson, D. and Gilbert, L. (2015) Interplant signalling through hyphal networks. New Phytologist, 205(4), pp. 1448-1453. (doi: 10.1111/nph.13115) (PMID:25421970)

2014

Babikova, Z., Gilbert, L. , Randall, K. C., Bruce, T. J. A., Pickett, J. A. and Johnson, D. (2014) Increasing phosphorus supply is not the mechanism by which arbuscular mycorrhiza increase attractiveness of bean (Vicia faba) to aphids. Journal of Experimental Botany, 65(18), pp. 5231-5241. (doi: 10.1093/jxb/eru283) (PMID:25200735) (PMCID:PMC4157707)

Gilbert, L. , Aungier, J. and Tomkins, J. L. (2014) Climate of origin affects tick (Ixodes ricinus) host-seeking behavior in response to temperature: implications for resilience to climate change? Ecology and Evolution, 4(7), pp. 1186-1198. (doi: 10.1002/ece3.1014) (PMID:24772293) (PMCID:PMC3997332)

James, M. C., Gilbert, L. , Bowman, A. S. and Forbes, K. J. (2014) The heterogeneity, distribution, and environmental associations of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the agent of Lyme borreliosis, in Scotland. Frontiers in Public Health, 2, 129. (doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00129) (PMID:25221774) (PMCID:PMC4147938)

Seward, A. M., Beale, C. M., Gilbert, L. , Jones, T. H. and Thomas, R. J. (2014) The impact of increased food availability on reproduction in a long-distance migratory songbird: implications for environmental change? PLoS ONE, 9(10), e111180. (doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111180) (PMID:25333485) (PMCID:PMC4205087)

2013

Gilbert, L. (2013) Can restoration of afforested peatland regulate pests and disease? Journal of Applied Ecology, 50(5), pp. 1226-1233. (doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12141)

Porter, R., Norman, R.A. and Gilbert, L. (2013) A model to test how ticks and louping ill virus can be controlled by treating red grouse with acaricide. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 27(3), pp. 237-246. (doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01047.x) (PMID:23088727)

Babikova, Z., Gilbert, L. , Bruce, T. J.A., Birkett, M., Caulfield, J. C., Woodcock, C., Pickett, J. A., Johnson, D. and van Dam, N. (2013) Underground signals carried through common mycelial networks warn neighbouring plants of aphid attack. Ecology Letters, 16(7), pp. 835-843. (doi: 10.1111/ele.12115) (PMID:23656527)

James, M.C., Bowman, A.S., Forbes, K.J., Lewis, F., McLeod, J.E. and Gilbert, L. (2013) Environmental determinants of Ixodes ricinus ticks and the incidence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the agent of Lyme borreliosis, in Scotland. Parasitology, 140(2), pp. 237-246. (doi: 10.1017/S003118201200145X) (PMID:23036286)

Porter, R., Norman, R.A. and Gilbert, L. (2013) An alternative to killing? Treatment of reservoir hosts to control a vector and pathogen in a susceptible species. Parasitology, 140(2), pp. 247-257. (doi: 10.1017/S0031182012001400) (PMID:22939093)

Seward, A. M., Beale, C. M., Gilbert, L. , Jones, T. H. and Thomas, R. J. (2013) The impact of increased food availability on survival of a long-distance migratory bird. Ecology, 94(1), pp. 221-230. (doi: 10.1890/12-0121.1) (PMID:23600256)

Babikova, Z., Gilbert, L. , Bruce, T., Dewhirst, S. Y., Pickett, J. A., Johnson, D. and Field, K. (2013) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and aphids interact by changing host plant quality and volatile emission. Functional Ecology, 28(2), pp. 375-385. (doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.12181) (PMID:IND5007400)

Babikova, Z., Johnson, D., Bruce, T., Pickett, J. and Gilbert, L. (2013) How rapid is aphid-induced signal transfer between plants via common mycelial networks? Communicative and Integrative Biology, 6(6), e25904. (doi: 10.4161/cib.25904) (PMID:24563703) (PMCID:PMC3917958)

Babikova, Z., Johnson, D., Bruce, T., Pickett, J. and Gilbert, L. (2013) Underground allies: how and why do mycelial networks help plants defend themselves? BioEssays, 36(1), pp. 21-26. (doi: 10.1002/bies.201300092) (PMID:24129903)

2012

Gilbert, L. , Maffey, G.L., Ramsay, S.L. and Hester, A.J. (2012) The effect of deer management on the abundance ofIxodes ricinusin Scotland. Ecological Applications, 22(2), pp. 658-667. (doi: 10.1890/11-0458.1) (PMID:22611862)

Gilbert, L. , Williamson, K. A. and Graves, J. A. (2012) Male attractiveness regulates daughter fecundity non-genetically via maternal investment. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 279(1728), pp. 523-528. (doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0962) (PMID:21733898) (PMCID:PMC3234556)

Pariser, E.C., Gilbert, L. , Hazon, N., Arnold, K.E. and Graves, J.A. (2012) Mind the gap: the ratio of yolk androgens and antioxidants varies between sons and daughters dependent on paternal attractiveness. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 66(4), pp. 519-527. (doi: 10.1007/s00265-011-1300-5)

2011

Porter, R., Norman, R. and Gilbert, L. (2011) Controlling tick-borne diseases through domestic animal management: a theoretical approach. Theoretical Ecology, 4(3), pp. 321-339. (doi: 10.1007/s12080-010-0080-2)

Lewis, F., Butler, A. and Gilbert, L. (2011) A unified approach to model selection using the likelihood ratio test. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 2(2), pp. 155-162. (doi: 10.1111/j.2041-210X.2010.00063.x)

James, M.C., Furness, R.W., Bowman, A.S., Forbes, K.J. and Gilbert, L. (2011) The importance of passerine birds as tick hosts and in the transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease: a case study from Scotland. IBIS, 153(2), pp. 293-302. (doi: 10.1111/j.1474-919X.2011.01111.x)

Jones, E. O., Webb, S. D., Ruiz-Fons, F. J., Albon, S. and Gilbert, L. (2011) The effect of landscape heterogeneity and host movement on a tick-borne pathogen. Theoretical Ecology, 4(4), pp. 435-448. (doi: 10.1007/s12080-010-0087-8)

2010

Harrison, A., Newey, S., Gilbert, L. , Haydon, D.T. and Thirgood, S. (2010) Culling wildlife hosts to control disease: mountain hares, red grouse and louping ill virus. Journal of Applied Ecology, 47(4), pp. 926-930. (doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01834.x)

Ruiz-Fons, F. and Gilbert, L. (2010) The role of deer as vehicles to move ticks, Ixodes ricinus, between contrasting habitats. International Journal for Parasitology, 40(9), pp. 1013-1020. (doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.02.006) (PMID:20211625)

Gilbert, L. (2010) Altitudinal patterns of tick and host abundance: a potential role for climate change in regulating tick-borne diseases? Oecologia, 162(1), pp. 217-225. (doi: 10.1007/s00442-009-1430-x) (PMID:19685082)

2009

Medlock, J., Jameson, L.J., Pietzsch, M. and Gilbert, L. (2009) British ticks. British Wildlife, 20(4), pp. 258-266.

2008

Williamson, K., Gilbert, L. , Rutstein, A. N., Pariser, E. C. and Graves, J. A. (2008) Within-year differences in reproductive investment in laboratory zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), an opportunistically breeding bird. Naturwissenschaften, 95(12), pp. 1143-1148. (doi: 10.1007/s00114-008-0436-2) (PMID:18696033)

2007

Gilbert, L. , Bulmer, E., Arnold, K. and Graves, J. (2007) Yolk androgens and embryo sex: Maternal effects or confounding factors? Hormones and Behavior, 51, pp. 231-238. (doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.10.005)

2006

Gilbert, L. , Williamson, K.A., Hazon, N. and Graves, J.A. (2006) Maternal effects due to male attractiveness affect offspring development in the zebra finch. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 273(1595), pp. 1765-1771. (doi: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3520) (PMID:16790409) (PMCID:PMC1634786)

2005

Gilbert, L. , Rutstein, A. N., Hazon, N. and Graves, J. A. (2005) Sex-biased investment in yolk androgens depends on female quality and laying order in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Naturwissenschaften, 92(4), pp. 178-181. (doi: 10.1007/s00114-004-0603-z) (PMID:15668780)

Rutstein, A., Gorman, H., Arnold, K., Gilbert, L. , Orr, K., Adam, A., Nager, R. and Graves, J. (2005) Sex allocation in response to paternal attractiveness in the zebra finch. Behavioral Ecology, 16, pp. 763-769. (doi: 10.1093/beheco/ari052)

2004

Rutstein, A.N., Gilbert, L. , Slater, P.J.B. and Graves, J.A. (2004) Mate attractiveness and primary resource allocation in the zebra finch. Animal Behaviour, 68(5), pp. 1087-1094. (doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.02.011)

Rutstein, A. N., Gilbert, L. , Slater, P. J. B. and Graves, J. A. (2004) Sex-specific patterns of yolk androgen allocation depend on maternal diet in the zebra finch. Behavioral Ecology, 16(1), pp. 62-69. (doi: 10.1093/beheco/arh123)

Laurenson, M.K., Norman, R.A., Gilbert, L. , Reid, H.W. and Hudson, P.J. (2004) Mountain hares, louping-ill, red grouse and harvesting: complex interactions but few data. Journal of Animal Ecology, 73(4), pp. 811-813. (doi: 10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00851.x)

Gilbert, L. , Jones, L. D., Laurenson, M. K., Gould, E. A., Reid, H. W. and Hudson, P. J. (2004) Ticks need not bite their red grouse hosts to infect them with louping ill virus. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 271(Suppl.), s202-s205. (doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2003.0147) (PMID:15252984) (PMCID:PMC1810039)

Johnson, D., Vandenkoornhuyse, P. J., Leake, J. R., Gilbert, L. , Booth, R. E., Grime, J. P., Young, J. P. W. and Read, D. J. (2004) Plant communities affect arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity and community composition in grassland microcosms. New Phytologist, 161(2), pp. 503-515. (doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00938.x)

2003

Laurenson, M.K., Norman, R.A., Gilbert, L. , Reid, H.W. and Hudson, P.J. (2003) Identifying disease reservoirs in complex systems: mountain hares as reservoirs of ticks and louping-ill virus, pathogens of red grouse. Journal of Animal Ecology, 72(1), pp. 177-185. (doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00688.x)

2001

Gilbert, L. , Norman, R., Laurenson, K. M., Reid, H. W. and Hudson, P. J. (2001) Disease persistence and apparent competition in a three-host community: an empirical and analytical study of large-scale, wild populations. Journal of Animal Ecology, 70(6), pp. 1053-1061. (doi: 10.1046/j.0021-8790.2001.00558.x)

2000

Gilbert, L. , Jones, L.D., Hudson, P.J., Gould, E.A. and Reid, H.W. (2000) Role of small mammals in the persistence of Louping-ill virus: field survey and tick co-feeding studies. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 14(3), pp. 277-282. (doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2000.00236.x) (PMID:11016435)

1998

Gilbert, L. , Burke, T. and Krupa, A. (1998) No evidence for extra‐pair paternity in the western gull. Molecular Ecology, 7(11), pp. 1549-1552. (doi: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00488.x)

1997

Long, D.J. and Gilbert, L. (1997) California sea lion predation on chicks of the common murre. Journal of Field Ornithology, 68(1), pp. 152-157.

1996

Pyle, P. and Gilbert, L. (1996) Occurrence patterns and trends of cetaceans recorded from Southeast Farallon Island, California, 1973 to 1994. Northwestern Naturalist, 77(1), p. 1. (doi: 10.2307/3536517)

1991

Evans, P.G.H. and Gilbert, L. (1991) Distributional ecology of harbour porpoises in the Shetland Islands, North Scotland. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Conference of the European Cetacean Society, Sandefjord, Norway, 21-23 Feb 1991, pp. 47-52.

Articles

Olsthoorn, F. et al. (2025) Woodland expansion and deer management shape tick abundance and Lyme disease hazard. Ecological Solutions and Evidence, 6(1), e12403. (doi: 10.1002/2688-8319.12403)

Worton, A. J., Norman, R. A., Gilbert, L. and Porter, R. B. (2024) GIS-ODE: linking dynamic population models with GIS to predict pathogen vector abundance across a country under climate change scenarios. Journal of the Royal Society: Interface, 21(217), 20240004. (doi: 10.1098/rsif.2024.0004) (PMID:39106949)

Quer, S., Peirce, G. J., Waggershauser, C. N. and Gilbert, L. (2024) Completing the picture: using vertebrae as well as otoliths in diet analysis reveals new preferred prey of great skuas. Marine Biology, 171, 139. (doi: 10.1007/s00227-024-04441-2)

Plahe, G., Hall, J. L., Johnson, D., Gilbert, L. and Birtles, R. (2023) Borrelia bavariensis in Questing Ixodes ricinus Ticks, United Kingdom. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 29(10), pp. 2173-2175. (doi: 10.3201/eid2910.230907) (PMID:37735806) (PMCID:PMC10521598)

Ribeiro, R. , Eze, J. I., Gilbert, L. , Macrae, A., Duncan, A., Baughan, J., Gunn, G. and Auty, H. (2023) Linking human tick bite risk with tick abundance in the environment: a novel approach to quantify tick bite risk using orienteers in Scotland. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 14(2), 102109. (doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102109)

Gandy, S. , Kilbride, E., Biek, R. , Millins, C. and Gilbert, L. (2022) No net effect of host density on tick-borne disease hazard due to opposing roles of vector amplification and pathogen dilution. Ecology and Evolution, 12(9), e9253. (doi: 10.1002/ece3.9253) (PMID:36091342) (PMCID:PMC9448966)

Gandy, S. , Kilbride, E., Biek, R. , Millins, C. and Gilbert, L. (2021) Experimental evidence for opposing effects of high deer density on tick-borne disease pathogen prevalence and hazard. Parasites and Vectors, 14(1), 509. (doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-05000-0) (PMID:34593023) (PMCID:PMC8485466)

Alaux, P.‐L., Zhang, Y., Gilbert, L. and Johnson, D. (2021) Can common mycorrhizal fungal networks be managed to enhance ecosystem functionality? Plants, People, Planet, 3(5), pp. 433-444. (doi: 10.1002/ppp3.10178)

Olsthoorn, F., Sprong, H., Fonville, M., Rocchi, M., Medlock, J., Gilbert, L. and Ghazoul, J. (2021) Occurrence of tick-borne pathogens in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks from Wester Ross, Northwest Scotland. Parasites and Vectors, 14(1), 430. (doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04946-5) (PMID:34446082) (PMCID:PMC8393815)

Millins, C. et al. (2021) Emergence of Lyme disease on treeless islands in Scotland, UK. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(2), pp. 538-546. (doi: 10.3201/eid2702.203862) (PMID:33496237) (PMCID:PMC7853560)

Gilbert, L. (2021) The impacts of climate change on ticks and tick-borne disease risk. Annual Review of Entomology, 66, pp. 373-388. (doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-052720-094533) (PMID:33417823)

Gilbert, L. , Brülisauer, F., Willoughby, K. and Cousens, C. (2020) Identifying environmental risk factors for louping Ill virus seroprevalence in sheep and the potential to inform wildlife management policy. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 377. (doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00377) (PMID:32695800) (PMCID:PMC7339109)

Ribeiro, R. , Eze, J. I., Gilbert, L. , Wint, G. R. W., Gunn, G., Macrae, A., Medlock, J. M. and Auty, H. (2019) Using imperfect data in predictive mapping of vectors: a regional example of Ixodes ricinus distribution. Parasites and Vectors, 12, 536. (doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3784-1) (PMID:31727162) (PMCID:PMC6857280)

Rineau, F. et al. (2019) Towards more predictive and interdisciplinary climate change ecosystem experiments. Nature Climate Change, 9, pp. 809-816. (doi: 10.1038/s41558-019-0609-3)

Church, G. E., Furness, R. W., Tyler, G., Gilbert, L. and Votier, S. C. (2019) Change in the North Sea ecosystem from the 1970s to the 2010s: great skua diets reflect changing forage fish, seabirds, and fisheries. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 76(4), pp. 925-937. (doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsy165)

Li, S., Gilbert, L. , Vanwambeke, S. O., Yu, J., Purse, B. V. and Harrison, P. A. (2019) Lyme disease risks in Europe under multiple uncertain drivers of change. Environmental Health Perspectives, 127(6), 067010. (doi: 10.1289/ehp4615) (PMID:31232609) (PMCID:PMC6792373)

Slater, J. M., Gilbert, L. , Johnson, D. and Karley, A. J. (2019) Limited effects of the maternal rearing environment on the behaviour and fitness of an insect herbivore and its natural enemy. PLoS ONE, 14(1), e0209965. (doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209965) (PMID:30633753) (PMCID:PMC6329576)

Al-Khafaji, A. M. et al. (2019) Multi-locus sequence typing of Ixodes ricinus and its symbiont Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii across Europe reveals evidence of local co-cladogenesis in Scotland. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 10(1), pp. 52-62. (doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.08.016) (PMID:30197267)

Millins, C. et al. (2018) Landscape structure affects the prevalence and distribution of a tick-borne zoonotic pathogen. Parasites and Vectors, 11, 621. (doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-3200-2) (PMID:30514350) (PMCID:PMC6278045)

Calladine, J., Humphreys, E. M., Gilbert, L. , Furness, R. W., Robinson, R. A., Fuller, R. J., Littlewood, N. A., Pakeman, R. J., Ferguson, J. and Thompson, C. (2017) Continuing influences of introduced hedgehogs Erinaceus europaeus as a predator of wader (Charadrii) eggs four decades after their release on the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. Biological Invasions, 19(7), pp. 1981-1987. (doi: 10.1007/s10530-017-1422-4)

Millins, C. , Gilbert, L., Medlock, J., Hansford, K., Thompson, D. B.A. and Biek, R. (2017) Effects of conservation management of landscapes and vertebrate communities on Lyme borreliosis risk in the United Kingdom. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 372(1722), 20160123. (doi: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0123) (PMID:28438912) (PMCID:PMC5413871)

Innocent, G. T., Gilbert, L. , Jones, E. O., McLeod, J. E., Gunn, G., McKendrick, I. J. and Albon, S. D. (2017) Combining slaughterhouse surveillance data with cattle tracing scheme and environmental data to quantify environmental risk factors for liver fluke in cattle. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 4, 65. (doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00065) (PMID:28534030) (PMCID:PMC5421147)

Gilbert, L., Brunker, K. , Lande, U., Klingen, I. and Grøva, L. (2017) Environmental risk factors for Ixodes ricinus ticks and their infestation on lambs in a changing ecosystem: Implications for tick control and the impact of woodland encroachment on tick-borne disease in livestock. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 237, pp. 265-273. (doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2016.12.041)

Røed, K. H., Kvie, K. S., Hasle, G., Gilbert, L. and Leinaas, H. P. (2016) Phylogenetic lineages and postglacial dispersal dynamics characterize the genetic structure of the tick, Ixodes ricinus, in Northwest Europe. PLoS ONE, 11(12), e0167450. (doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167450) (PMID:27907193) (PMCID:PMC5131986)

Millins, C. , Gilbert, L., Johnson, P. , James, M., Kilbride, E., Birtles, R. and Biek, R. (2016) Heterogeneity in the abundance and distribution of Ixodes ricinus and Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) in Scotland: implications for risk prediction. Parasites and Vectors, 9, 595. (doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1875-9) (PMID:27876087) (PMCID:PMC5084683)

Norman, R.A., Worton, A. J. and Gilbert, L. (2016) Past and future perspectives on mathematical models of tick-borne pathogens. Parasitology, 143(7), pp. 850-859. (doi: 10.1017/S0031182015001523) (PMID:26683345)

Arnold, K. E., Gilbert, L. , Gorman, H. E., Griffiths, K. J., Adam, A. and Nager, R. (2016) Paternal attractiveness and the effects of differential allocation of parental investment. Animal Behaviour, 113, pp. 69-78. (doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.12.013)

Gilbert, L. (2016) Louping ill virus in the UK: a review of the hosts, transmission and ecological consequences of control. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 68(3), pp. 363-374. (doi: 10.1007/s10493-015-9952-x) (PMID:26205612)

Li, S., Gilbert, L. , Harrison, P. A. and Rounsevell, M. D.A. (2016) Modelling the seasonality of Lyme disease risk and the potential impacts of a warming climate within the heterogeneous landscapes of Scotland. Journal of the Royal Society: Interface, 13(116), 20160140. (doi: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0140) (PMID:27030039) (PMCID:PMC4843686)

Gilbert, L. and Johnson, D. (2015) Plant-mediated ‘apparent effects’ between mycorrhiza and insect herbivores. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 26, pp. 100-105. (doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.06.008) (PMID:26190588)

Millins, C. , Magierecka, A., Gilbert, L. , Edoff, A., Brereton, A., Kilbride, E., Denwood, M., Birtles, R. and Biek, R. (2015) An invasive mammal (the gray squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis) commonly hosts diverse and atypical genotypes of the zoonotic pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81(13), pp. 4236-4245. (doi: 10.1128/AEM.00109-15) (PMID:25888168) (PMCID:PMC447589)

Johnson, D. and Gilbert, L. (2015) Interplant signalling through hyphal networks. New Phytologist, 205(4), pp. 1448-1453. (doi: 10.1111/nph.13115) (PMID:25421970)

Babikova, Z., Gilbert, L. , Randall, K. C., Bruce, T. J. A., Pickett, J. A. and Johnson, D. (2014) Increasing phosphorus supply is not the mechanism by which arbuscular mycorrhiza increase attractiveness of bean (Vicia faba) to aphids. Journal of Experimental Botany, 65(18), pp. 5231-5241. (doi: 10.1093/jxb/eru283) (PMID:25200735) (PMCID:PMC4157707)

Gilbert, L. , Aungier, J. and Tomkins, J. L. (2014) Climate of origin affects tick (Ixodes ricinus) host-seeking behavior in response to temperature: implications for resilience to climate change? Ecology and Evolution, 4(7), pp. 1186-1198. (doi: 10.1002/ece3.1014) (PMID:24772293) (PMCID:PMC3997332)

James, M. C., Gilbert, L. , Bowman, A. S. and Forbes, K. J. (2014) The heterogeneity, distribution, and environmental associations of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the agent of Lyme borreliosis, in Scotland. Frontiers in Public Health, 2, 129. (doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00129) (PMID:25221774) (PMCID:PMC4147938)

Seward, A. M., Beale, C. M., Gilbert, L. , Jones, T. H. and Thomas, R. J. (2014) The impact of increased food availability on reproduction in a long-distance migratory songbird: implications for environmental change? PLoS ONE, 9(10), e111180. (doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111180) (PMID:25333485) (PMCID:PMC4205087)

Gilbert, L. (2013) Can restoration of afforested peatland regulate pests and disease? Journal of Applied Ecology, 50(5), pp. 1226-1233. (doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12141)

Porter, R., Norman, R.A. and Gilbert, L. (2013) A model to test how ticks and louping ill virus can be controlled by treating red grouse with acaricide. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 27(3), pp. 237-246. (doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01047.x) (PMID:23088727)

Babikova, Z., Gilbert, L. , Bruce, T. J.A., Birkett, M., Caulfield, J. C., Woodcock, C., Pickett, J. A., Johnson, D. and van Dam, N. (2013) Underground signals carried through common mycelial networks warn neighbouring plants of aphid attack. Ecology Letters, 16(7), pp. 835-843. (doi: 10.1111/ele.12115) (PMID:23656527)

James, M.C., Bowman, A.S., Forbes, K.J., Lewis, F., McLeod, J.E. and Gilbert, L. (2013) Environmental determinants of Ixodes ricinus ticks and the incidence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the agent of Lyme borreliosis, in Scotland. Parasitology, 140(2), pp. 237-246. (doi: 10.1017/S003118201200145X) (PMID:23036286)

Porter, R., Norman, R.A. and Gilbert, L. (2013) An alternative to killing? Treatment of reservoir hosts to control a vector and pathogen in a susceptible species. Parasitology, 140(2), pp. 247-257. (doi: 10.1017/S0031182012001400) (PMID:22939093)

Seward, A. M., Beale, C. M., Gilbert, L. , Jones, T. H. and Thomas, R. J. (2013) The impact of increased food availability on survival of a long-distance migratory bird. Ecology, 94(1), pp. 221-230. (doi: 10.1890/12-0121.1) (PMID:23600256)

Babikova, Z., Gilbert, L. , Bruce, T., Dewhirst, S. Y., Pickett, J. A., Johnson, D. and Field, K. (2013) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and aphids interact by changing host plant quality and volatile emission. Functional Ecology, 28(2), pp. 375-385. (doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.12181) (PMID:IND5007400)

Babikova, Z., Johnson, D., Bruce, T., Pickett, J. and Gilbert, L. (2013) How rapid is aphid-induced signal transfer between plants via common mycelial networks? Communicative and Integrative Biology, 6(6), e25904. (doi: 10.4161/cib.25904) (PMID:24563703) (PMCID:PMC3917958)

Babikova, Z., Johnson, D., Bruce, T., Pickett, J. and Gilbert, L. (2013) Underground allies: how and why do mycelial networks help plants defend themselves? BioEssays, 36(1), pp. 21-26. (doi: 10.1002/bies.201300092) (PMID:24129903)

Gilbert, L. , Maffey, G.L., Ramsay, S.L. and Hester, A.J. (2012) The effect of deer management on the abundance ofIxodes ricinusin Scotland. Ecological Applications, 22(2), pp. 658-667. (doi: 10.1890/11-0458.1) (PMID:22611862)

Gilbert, L. , Williamson, K. A. and Graves, J. A. (2012) Male attractiveness regulates daughter fecundity non-genetically via maternal investment. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 279(1728), pp. 523-528. (doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0962) (PMID:21733898) (PMCID:PMC3234556)

Pariser, E.C., Gilbert, L. , Hazon, N., Arnold, K.E. and Graves, J.A. (2012) Mind the gap: the ratio of yolk androgens and antioxidants varies between sons and daughters dependent on paternal attractiveness. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 66(4), pp. 519-527. (doi: 10.1007/s00265-011-1300-5)

Porter, R., Norman, R. and Gilbert, L. (2011) Controlling tick-borne diseases through domestic animal management: a theoretical approach. Theoretical Ecology, 4(3), pp. 321-339. (doi: 10.1007/s12080-010-0080-2)

Lewis, F., Butler, A. and Gilbert, L. (2011) A unified approach to model selection using the likelihood ratio test. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 2(2), pp. 155-162. (doi: 10.1111/j.2041-210X.2010.00063.x)

James, M.C., Furness, R.W., Bowman, A.S., Forbes, K.J. and Gilbert, L. (2011) The importance of passerine birds as tick hosts and in the transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease: a case study from Scotland. IBIS, 153(2), pp. 293-302. (doi: 10.1111/j.1474-919X.2011.01111.x)

Jones, E. O., Webb, S. D., Ruiz-Fons, F. J., Albon, S. and Gilbert, L. (2011) The effect of landscape heterogeneity and host movement on a tick-borne pathogen. Theoretical Ecology, 4(4), pp. 435-448. (doi: 10.1007/s12080-010-0087-8)

Harrison, A., Newey, S., Gilbert, L. , Haydon, D.T. and Thirgood, S. (2010) Culling wildlife hosts to control disease: mountain hares, red grouse and louping ill virus. Journal of Applied Ecology, 47(4), pp. 926-930. (doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01834.x)

Ruiz-Fons, F. and Gilbert, L. (2010) The role of deer as vehicles to move ticks, Ixodes ricinus, between contrasting habitats. International Journal for Parasitology, 40(9), pp. 1013-1020. (doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.02.006) (PMID:20211625)

Gilbert, L. (2010) Altitudinal patterns of tick and host abundance: a potential role for climate change in regulating tick-borne diseases? Oecologia, 162(1), pp. 217-225. (doi: 10.1007/s00442-009-1430-x) (PMID:19685082)

Medlock, J., Jameson, L.J., Pietzsch, M. and Gilbert, L. (2009) British ticks. British Wildlife, 20(4), pp. 258-266.

Williamson, K., Gilbert, L. , Rutstein, A. N., Pariser, E. C. and Graves, J. A. (2008) Within-year differences in reproductive investment in laboratory zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), an opportunistically breeding bird. Naturwissenschaften, 95(12), pp. 1143-1148. (doi: 10.1007/s00114-008-0436-2) (PMID:18696033)

Gilbert, L. , Bulmer, E., Arnold, K. and Graves, J. (2007) Yolk androgens and embryo sex: Maternal effects or confounding factors? Hormones and Behavior, 51, pp. 231-238. (doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.10.005)

Gilbert, L. , Williamson, K.A., Hazon, N. and Graves, J.A. (2006) Maternal effects due to male attractiveness affect offspring development in the zebra finch. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 273(1595), pp. 1765-1771. (doi: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3520) (PMID:16790409) (PMCID:PMC1634786)

Gilbert, L. , Rutstein, A. N., Hazon, N. and Graves, J. A. (2005) Sex-biased investment in yolk androgens depends on female quality and laying order in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Naturwissenschaften, 92(4), pp. 178-181. (doi: 10.1007/s00114-004-0603-z) (PMID:15668780)

Rutstein, A., Gorman, H., Arnold, K., Gilbert, L. , Orr, K., Adam, A., Nager, R. and Graves, J. (2005) Sex allocation in response to paternal attractiveness in the zebra finch. Behavioral Ecology, 16, pp. 763-769. (doi: 10.1093/beheco/ari052)

Rutstein, A.N., Gilbert, L. , Slater, P.J.B. and Graves, J.A. (2004) Mate attractiveness and primary resource allocation in the zebra finch. Animal Behaviour, 68(5), pp. 1087-1094. (doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.02.011)

Rutstein, A. N., Gilbert, L. , Slater, P. J. B. and Graves, J. A. (2004) Sex-specific patterns of yolk androgen allocation depend on maternal diet in the zebra finch. Behavioral Ecology, 16(1), pp. 62-69. (doi: 10.1093/beheco/arh123)

Laurenson, M.K., Norman, R.A., Gilbert, L. , Reid, H.W. and Hudson, P.J. (2004) Mountain hares, louping-ill, red grouse and harvesting: complex interactions but few data. Journal of Animal Ecology, 73(4), pp. 811-813. (doi: 10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00851.x)

Gilbert, L. , Jones, L. D., Laurenson, M. K., Gould, E. A., Reid, H. W. and Hudson, P. J. (2004) Ticks need not bite their red grouse hosts to infect them with louping ill virus. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 271(Suppl.), s202-s205. (doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2003.0147) (PMID:15252984) (PMCID:PMC1810039)

Johnson, D., Vandenkoornhuyse, P. J., Leake, J. R., Gilbert, L. , Booth, R. E., Grime, J. P., Young, J. P. W. and Read, D. J. (2004) Plant communities affect arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity and community composition in grassland microcosms. New Phytologist, 161(2), pp. 503-515. (doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00938.x)

Laurenson, M.K., Norman, R.A., Gilbert, L. , Reid, H.W. and Hudson, P.J. (2003) Identifying disease reservoirs in complex systems: mountain hares as reservoirs of ticks and louping-ill virus, pathogens of red grouse. Journal of Animal Ecology, 72(1), pp. 177-185. (doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00688.x)

Gilbert, L. , Norman, R., Laurenson, K. M., Reid, H. W. and Hudson, P. J. (2001) Disease persistence and apparent competition in a three-host community: an empirical and analytical study of large-scale, wild populations. Journal of Animal Ecology, 70(6), pp. 1053-1061. (doi: 10.1046/j.0021-8790.2001.00558.x)

Gilbert, L. , Jones, L.D., Hudson, P.J., Gould, E.A. and Reid, H.W. (2000) Role of small mammals in the persistence of Louping-ill virus: field survey and tick co-feeding studies. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 14(3), pp. 277-282. (doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2000.00236.x) (PMID:11016435)

Gilbert, L. , Burke, T. and Krupa, A. (1998) No evidence for extra‐pair paternity in the western gull. Molecular Ecology, 7(11), pp. 1549-1552. (doi: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00488.x)

Long, D.J. and Gilbert, L. (1997) California sea lion predation on chicks of the common murre. Journal of Field Ornithology, 68(1), pp. 152-157.

Pyle, P. and Gilbert, L. (1996) Occurrence patterns and trends of cetaceans recorded from Southeast Farallon Island, California, 1973 to 1994. Northwestern Naturalist, 77(1), p. 1. (doi: 10.2307/3536517)

Book Sections

Gilbert, L. (2021) Climate change impacts on Ixodes ricinus ticks in Scotland and implications for Lyme disease risk. In: Nuttall, Pat (ed.) Climate, Ticks and Disease. Series: CABI Climate Change Series. CABI, pp. 513-517. ISBN 9781789249637 (doi: 10.1079/9781789249637.0074)

Gilbert, L. and Johnson, D. (2017) Plant-plant communication through common mycorrhizal networks. In: Becard, Guillaume (ed.) How Plants Communicate with their Biotic Environment. Series: Advances in botanical research, 82. Academic Press. ISBN 9780128014318

Johnson, D. and Gilbert, L. (2017) Mycorrhizal fungal networks as plant communication systems. In: Dighton, J. and White, J.F. (eds.) The Fungal Community: Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem, Fourth Edition. CRC Press, pp. 539-548. ISBN 9781498706650

Gilbert, L. (2016) How landscapes shape Lyme borreliosis risk. In: Braks, Marieta A.H., van Wieren, Sipke E., Takken, Wukkem and Sprong, Hein (eds.) Ecology and Prevention of Lyme Borreliosis. Series: Ecology and control of vector-borne diseases, 4. Wageningen Academic Publishers, pp. 161-171. ISBN 9789086862931 (doi: 10.3920/978-90-8686-838-4_11)

Conference Proceedings

Evans, P.G.H. and Gilbert, L. (1991) Distributional ecology of harbour porpoises in the Shetland Islands, North Scotland. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Conference of the European Cetacean Society, Sandefjord, Norway, 21-23 Feb 1991, pp. 47-52.