Self funded opportunities

PhD

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A data driven multiscale approach for understanding the Solar Systems oldest materials

Supervisors: Dr Luke Daly, Dr Joshua Einsle

Introduction

Ca-Al-rich inclusions, or CAIs for short, are the oldest solar system materials that formed at incredibly high temperatures near the young Sun [1]. CAIs formed at the birth of the solar system 4.567 billion years ago. They are thought to have formed initially as pure high temperature equilibrium condensates [1].

However, they have also, in many cases, undergone back reactions with gases, thermal metamorphism and remelting processes in the nebular and alteration on their parent asteroid generating a diversity of textures [1]. Intriguingly, despite forming close to the young sun, they are now found embedded within all primitive chondrite meteorite types and even comets [1] that formed much further out in our solar system relative to CAIs. In particular, the largest examples of CAIs and the highest abundance are found in CV chondrites that formed beyond Jupiter.

How did these objects come together? This project seeks to explore variations within the CAI population between chondrite meteorites to answer the question: What diversity of processes were at work in the CAI forming region? And how did CAIs end up in their current distribution within chondrites from their starting location near the Sun?

References: [1] MacPherson, G. J. (2003). Treat. on Geochem., 1, 711

Project Description

In order to understand the distribution and variety of CAI’s across all chondritic meteorites, machine learning analytics will be employed on a range of microscopy data sets, both archival and freshly acquired. Starting from optical micrographs a machine learning enabled correlative approach will guide data driven selection criteria for high resolution techniques, including Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) which measures the crystal structure of minerals.

By combining these quantitative methods on the characterisation of CAI mineralogical microstructures a new advanced analytics derived classification system for CAIs will be developed. This big data approach of CAIs characterisation will enable us to establish the dominant processes affecting CAI formation and alteration and the distribution of CAI groups within chondrite meteorite types. The distribution of CAIs will in turn help us understand how these objects were delivered and concentrated in different asteroids that formed at various distances from the young sun.

Training

The student will work with a dynamic team of planetary scientists at the University of Glasgow where they will gain a suite of skills in machine learning, big data, mineralogy, petrology, planetary science and astrobiology in addition to science communication. The student will work within a vibrant planetary science research community in the UK and internationally and will have the opportunity to travel widely in order to undertake research and present results at conferences.

Application deadline

This project is currently unfunded, as such there is no application deadline.

Contact

Contact Luke.daly@glasgow.ac.uk with any questions.

A synchrotron X-ray fluorescence false colour image of a CAI (red colour) within the carbonaceous chondrite Vigarano.

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Heavy metal insights into the formation of planet Earth

Supervisors: Dr Luke Daly, Dr Joshua Einsle (& Dr Leanne Staddon from the University of St Andrews)

Overview

Our planet is unique. The Earth is the only planet with stable liquid water at the surface, and the only known planet to host life. How did this happen? How do you build a habitable planet? It is vital to answer these key questions if we ever want to figure out how life got started on Earth.
The Earth initially formed as a dry desert planet – very different to the planet we inhabit today.

Current theories suggest that most of Earths water, in addition to large quantities of organic material, could have been delivered in the final stages of Earth’s formation from water-rich asteroids, providing the vital components required for life to emerge. Several types of chondritic meteorites derived from water-rich asteroids are a close match to Earth’s ocean’s isotope composition, supporting such theories.

However, these same chondritic asteroids are also very different to the Earth both chemically and isotopically in other key components, particularly in the metal loving highly siderophile elements. This presents a challenge and an opportunity.

Highly siderophile elements are key recorders of planetary processes. For example, the unexpected enrichment of highly siderophile elements in Earth’s mantle suggests that primitive chondritic asteroids fell on the Earth during the last stages of planet formation and after planetary differentiation. While the famous global “Iridium layer” at 66 Ma is evidence for the catastrophic impact that wiped out the dinosaurs. Highly siderophile elements can therefore be utilised to trace the addition of chondritic meteorites to our Earth system.

However, our understanding of the mineralogical and textural context of highly siderophile elements is limited as these elements are commonly sequestered as nanophase minerals that are challenging to locate and characterise. By increasing our knowledge of highly siderophile element mineralogy in chondritic meteorites will augment our ability to answer key questions regarding planetary formation.

The student will use correlative microscopy to explore the petrology and isotopic composition of highly siderophile bearing minerals in chondritic meteorites to answer the following questions:

1. How does HSE mineralogy, geochemistry and isotope geochemistry vary between ordinary and carbonaceous chondrite meteorites?
2. What do these results tell us about the formation and evolution of chondritic asteroids?
3. Which chondritic asteroid types could really have delivered water to the early Earth?

The project would suit a geologist, (geo-)physicist, or STEM graduate with an interest in Space and Planetary Science. The candidate should be willing to learn several advanced microanalytical tools. The candidate will also gain expertise in meteoritics, planet formation, the structure and evolution of the Earth, and Astrobiology.

Figure 1: Artist impression of the turbulent period of planet formation including asteroids impacts and planet-planet collisions. Image credit NASA.

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Quantifying Climatic and Tectonic Controls on the Cenozoic Evolution of the Greater Caucasus

Supervisors: Dr Paul Eizenhöfer 

Background and outline

The Greater Caucasus is Europe’s largest mountain belt, and yet, in marked contrast to the Alps, fundamental issues remain about the role of tectonic and climatic processes on its Cenozoic orogeny. In particular, the timing, style and rate of rock uplift and exhumation potentially provide crucial information for reconstructing the geodynamic evolution of the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt, but this information remains unresolved for this region. Modern analytical and numerical techniques based on low-temperature thermochronometer data, have only been sparsely applied in the Greater Caucasus region despite dense data coverage elsewhere along the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt.

This PhD project aims to provide new insights into the exhumation history of the Greater Caucasus utilizing (i) analysis of new and existing thermochronometer data along structural cross sections and (ii) state-of-the-art thermo-kinematic and erosion numerical modelling to ascertain the role of Cenozoic tectonics on its present-day topography and past exhumation history. Coupling of data from multiple thermochronometer systems with structural and thermo-kinematic models along selected strike-perpendicular transects will provide new constraints on the spatial and temporal continuity of tectonic processes during the lithospheric evolution of the Greater Caucasus. The approach will allow the estimation of the role of Cenozoic climatic drivers on the evolution of this mountain belt, eg., evaluating the discrepancy of long-term climatic gradients contrasting the present-day topographic homogeneity from W-to-E.

Objectives

• Structural-kinematic reconstruction of the Greater Caucasus.
  Thermo-kinematic modelling along selected transects.

Methodology and Timeframe

(Year 1-2) The PhD student will reconstruct the structural-kinematic as well as foreland basin evolution of the Greater Caucasus along selected orogen-scale transects in MOVE™ employing a balanced cross section approach including the modelling of isostatic responses.
(Year 2-3) The orogen-wide distribution of low-temperature thermochronology data will be predicted through numerical thermo-kinematic models along the selected transects using these structural-kinematic solutions. This approach will establish a novel exhumation history of the Greater Caucasus validated by observed low-temperature thermochronology data.
(Year 3.5) Results will be integrated, and PhD thesis completed.

Desired skills/knowledge background of the applicant

The project is suitable for a graduate with a good honours’ degree in Geology, Earth Science, or Geophysics, with an interest in developing expertise in computational modelling and who demonstrated experience relevant to the project outline above (e.g., a dissertation, specific training in a relevant skill, or other project experience). Basic programming skills such as MATLAB or Python would be very helpful.

Career prospects

The PhD student will be trained by a leading expert of geomorphology and tectonics to constrain the formation of small mountain ranges. This training involves analyses of structural and thermochronological data to reconstruct the mid- to long-term (kyr to Myr) evolution of the Greater Caucasus. The student will be exposed to high-level programming environments (Python, MATLAB, C++, Fortran). Furthermore, the student will apply and develop process-based numerical models in a high-performance cluster (HPC) environment. This also implies the statistical evaluation of model runs.

The training also constitutes transferable skills: project management, scientific writing, grant acquisition, and project reporting. These make the student highly competitive to a career in computationally driven Earth System science. The student will be competitive in the fields of environmental consulting, resource security, and software development.

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Relict Landscapes as Archives of Past Climatic and Tectonic Conditions

Supervisors: Dr Paul Eizenhöfer and and Dr Martin Hurst. External collaborators: Dr Fiona Clubb (University of Durham) and Professor Mark Allen (University of Durham)

Aim

• Implementation of landscape evolution models to establish systematics that promote the emergence of relict landscapes.
• Automated extraction and interpretation of geomorphological metrics across climatically and tectonically distinct regions to establish a global database of relict landscapes.
• Model inversions to identify the range of climatic and tectonic parameters that are archived within the relict landscapes.

Background and outline

‘Relict’ landscapes are low-relief, high elevation surfaces that are often interpreted as an archive of previously stable tectonic and/or climatic conditions. These landscapes are commonly recognised in mountain ranges that have been interpreted to be undergoing late-Cenozoic acceleration in tectonic uplift and a rejuvenation by an erosional response (e.g., Clark et al., 2006). Relict topography (and the information it contains about past conditions) will eventually be lost through such erosion (e.g., Whittaker & Boulton, 2012).

These remnants of Earth’s geologic past have been identified across various landscapes on Earth. Several alternative mechanisms have been proposed for their formation including emerging from dynamic reorganisation of drainage networks through divide migration and drainage capture (Yang et al., 2015; Whipple et al., 2017), or due to lateral advection of uplifted topography (Eizenhöfer et al 2019). Yet the mechanisms of formation from the nature of the topography remains unclear. Building on these recent studies, the primary goals of this project are: (i) identifying the processes that can lead to low relief upland; and (ii) deciphering their geomorphological record of past tectonic and climatic conditions across the globe. These goals will be achieved through state-of-the-art, process-based numerical models of landscape evolution.

Understanding the mechanisms to create and preserve such relict landscapes and being able to reconstruct their geomorphological archive of Earth’s past is crucial to understand the interaction of physical processes within the Earth System and to unlock feedbacks between tectonics, climate, and topography. Such knowledge will help to understand spatial landscape responses and response times to changes due to external forcings, improving efforts in earthquake risk assessments and mitigating the consequences of climate change.

Desired skills/knowledge background of the applicant

The project is suitable for a graduate with a good honours degree in Geology, Earth Science, or Geophysics, with an interest in developing expertise in computational modelling.

Career prospects

The PhD student will be trained by leading experts of geomorphology and tectonics to achieve a holistic understanding of System Earth. This training involves analyses of remote sensing data, data in the fields of climate and tectonics to reconstruct the mid- to long-term (kyr to Myr) evolution of landscapes. The student will be exposed to high-level programming environments (Python, MATLAB, C++, Fortran). Furthermore, the student will apply and develop process-based numerical models in a high-performance cluster (HPC) environment. This also implies the statistical evaluation of model runs and big data analysis.

The training also constitutes transferable skills: project management, scientific writing, grant acquisition, and project reporting. These make the student highly competitive to a career in computationally driven Earth System science. The student will be able to analyse and manipulate large data sets, apply, and evolve process-based numerical models, make data-driven model predictions towards machine learning capabilities. The student will be competitive in the fields of environmental consulting, hazard research, land management and software development.

References

1. Clark, M. K., Royden, L. H., Whipple, K. X., Burchfiel, B. C., Zhang, X., & Tang, W. (2006). Use of a regional, relict landscape to measure vertical deformation of the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 111(F3).
2. Eizenhöfer, P. R., McQuarrie, N., Shelef, E., & Ehlers, T. A. (2019). Landscape response to lateral advection in convergent orogens over geologic time scales. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 124(8), 2056-2078.
3. Whipple, K. X., Forte, A. M., DiBiase, R. A., Gasparini, N. M., & Ouimet, W. B. (2017). Timescales of landscape response to divide migration and drainage capture: Implications for the role of divide mobility in landscape evolution. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 122(1), 248-273.
4. Whittaker, A. C., & Boulton, S. J. (2012). Tectonic and climatic controls on knickpoint retreat rates and landscape response times. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 117(F2).
5. Yang, R., Willett, S. D., & Goren, L. (2015). In situ low-relief landscape formation as a result of river network disruption. Nature, 520(7548), 526-529.

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Investigating plume-lithosphere-surface process interactions across craton margins

Supervisors: Dr Antoniette Greta Grima, Dr Paul Eizenhöfer, Dr Mark Wildman, Dr Cristina Persano.
Interested applicants should contact: mark.wildman@glasgow.ac.uk

Aim

This project will investigate the role that deep mantle processes have played in controlling intraplate crustal deformation and the creation of surface topography. Specifically, this project will explore the effect of buoyant mantle plumes beneath a heterogeneously thick continental lithosphere and the extent to which deformation and surface uplift becomes focussed at the boundary between thick cratons and the younger surrounding continental lithosphere. Using the South A`frican continental plateau as a case study, the project will also constrain how surface processes respond to the interaction between deep mantle upwellings and continental heterogeneities, to produce the present-day topography. In this way, we will test the hypothesis that a mid-Cretaceous mantle plume drove continental deformation, uplift, and surface evolution at the southwest margin of the Kaapvaal craton.

Rationale

Old cratonic regions comprise over 60% of the continental surface and are generally considered to be tectonically stable features over potentially billions of years1. However, the reason for long-term cratonic stability is debated with the potential for mantle plumes to erode cratonic keels, produce vertical motions of the lithosphere and focus deformation at lithospheric weak zones2. This is particularly pertinent to the African plate whose long-term stability has meant a long-standing relationship with deep mantle plumes and the African Large Low-Shear Velocity Province (LLSVP) since the breakup of Pangea3. Tomographic models suggest that thermochemical mantle plumes rising from the edges of the LLSVPs or the surrounding core-mantle boundary region (CMB) can undergo thinning, splitting and deflection as they transition from the lower to the upper mantle4,5. As these plumes reach the continental lithosphere they can dynamically support excess elevation on the continental lithosphere6. However, the interaction between the plume and the overlying continental lithosphere is still unclear. Do mantle plumes split further into smaller and thinner branches as they reach the top of the mantle? And how does the plume morphology affect the topographic signal at the surface of the continental plate?

nderstanding the interaction between mantle plumes and continental lithosphere is, therefore, critical in understanding the long-term evolution of topography in intraplate settings and the formation and mobilisation of critical mineral deposits1,2. The South African case is intriguing case study where the long-term stability over the LLSVP and absence of subduction processes affecting the African plate allows us to isolate the role of mantle plume – lithosphere interactions in controlling how and when the topography of the highly elevated, low-relief, interior plateau formed. The apatite thermochronological dataset across SW Africa suggests a more complex history than that predicted by simple conceptual models of high-elevation passive margin evolution following the break-up of South America and Africa in the Early Cretaceous3. Mantle-plume driven uplift during the middle to Late Cretaceous has been suggested as a mechanism to drive regional erosion across the South African plateau and explain the timing of peaks offshore sediment volumes7. However, the data implies more local variation in the patterns of erosion and infers a thickness of several kilometres of crust was eroded in the mid-Cretaceous from the off-craton region of the continental plateau while over the Kaapvaal craton region, the magnitude of erosion has been low since the Palaeozoic8,9.

The project will create new insights into the interplay of mantle, tectonic and surface processes in forming the South African topography, with implications for the stability of craton and craton margins globally.

Methods

The project will apply a two-phase numerical modelling approach (year 1 and 2). The first phase will evaluate the applicability of different scenarios for the interaction of buoyant mantle upwellings with the overlying continental lithosphere in South Africa. The model set-up emulating its cratonic evolution will be comprised of a thick cratonic block and thinner surrounding lithosphere, and make inferences on the timing, location, and magnitude of surface uplift produced during these scenarios at large-scale (>1000 km). During this first phase the goal is to understand how plume properties (e.g., morphology, temperature, density, viscosity, and geochemistry) can influence the degree of plume branching or splitting. These models will be constrained by seismic tomography models and geochemical signatures and will provide an insight into the plume-continental lithosphere relationship along South Africa.

The next step is to understand the contributions of continental heterogeneity on the plume dynamics. This step will explore how rheological and geometry variations in continental and cratonic keel properties can inform the plume’s contribution to continental uplift and tilting at the surface. Geodynamic modelling will provide information on the evolution of the mantle and lithosphere thermal field, strain rates and stress values of the overriding plate, and the timing and rate of uplift.

The second phase (years 2 and 3) will incorporate these predictions into (i) surface process models, and (ii) thermal models of the crust to simulate the evolution of exhumation and topography linked to deep mantle processes. The high-resolution (<10 km) integrated surface process and thermal model will predict spatial patterns of thermochronological data, which can be compared to the existing and extensive South African thermochronological dataset.

Knowledge background of the student

The project is suitable for a graduate with a good honours degree in Geology, Earth Science, or Geophysics, with an interest in developing expertise in computational modelling.

Career prospects

This project will equip the student with skills in geodynamics, deep mantle processes, quantitative geomorphology, geochronology, and numerical modelling. This will equip the student with a diverse range of geoscientific knowledge that could be applied to the exploration of natural resources and environmental and hazard management, as well as transferable technical skills, such as familiarity with a variety of code environments (i.e., C++, Python, Fortran) and performing high-performance cluster computing, which could be applied in other scientific fields in academia and industry.

References

1. Pearson, D. G., Scott, J. M., Liu, J., Schaeffer, A., Wang, L. H., van Hunen, J., Szilas, K., Chacko, T., & Kelemen, P. B. (2021). Deep continental roots and cratons. Nature, 596(7871), 199-210.
2. Guillou-Frottier, L., Burov, E., Cloetingh, S., Le Goff, E., Deschamps, Y., Huet, B., & Bouchot, V. (2012). Plume-induced dynamic instabilities near cratonic blocks: Implications for P–T–t paths and metallogeny. Global and Planetary Change, 90, 37-50.
3. Garnero, E.J, McNamara, A., & Shim, S. (2016). Continent-sized anomalous zones with low seismic velocity at the base of the Earth’s mantle. Nature Geoscience, 9, 481-489.
4. French, S. & Romanowicz, B. (2015). Broad plumes rooted at the base of the Earth’s mantle beneath major hotspots. Nature, 525,95-99.
5. Tsekhmistrenko, M., Sigloch, K., Hosseini, K., & Barruol, G. (2021). A tree of Indo-African mantle plumes imaged by seismic tomography. Nature Geoscience, 14, 612-619.
6. Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., & Silver, P.G., (1998). Dynamic topography, plate driving forces and the African superswell. Nature, 395, 269-272.
7. Stanley, J. R., Braun, J., Baby, G., Guillocheau, F., Robin, C., Flowers, R. M., Brown, R., Wildman, M., & Beucher, R. (2021). Constraining plateau uplift in southern Africa by combining thermochronology, sediment flux, topography, and landscape evolution modeling. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 126(7), e2020JB021243.
8. Wildman, M., Cogné, N., & Beucher, R. (2019). Fission-track thermochronology applied to the evolution of passive continental margins. In Fission-track thermochronology and its application to geology (pp. 351-371). Springer, Cham.
9. Wildman, M., Brown, R., Persano, C., Beucher, R., Stuart, F. M., Mackintosh, V., Schwanethal, J., & Carter, A. (2017). Contrasting Mesozoic evolution across the boundary between on and off craton regions of the South African plateau inferred from apatite fission track and (U‐Th‐Sm)/He thermochronology. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 122(2), 1517-1547.

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Tracking the evolution of C-complex asteroids using carbonates

Supervisor: Prof Martin Lee, Dr Luke Daly, Dr John MacDonald (john.macdonald.3@glasgow.ac.uk)

Aim

This project will develop a new and detailed understanding of the evolution of C-complex asteroids through the analysis of carbonate minerals using state of the art geochemical and mineralogical techniques. Specifically, the project will use Ca- Mg- and Fe-rich carbonates in the CI and CM carbonaceous chondrite meteorites (calcite, dolomite, siderite, magnesite) to track the evolution of the temperature, and chemical and isotopic composition of pore fluids during the first few million years of solar system history. Results will be highly applicable to interpreting results from ongoing missions to the asteroids Bennu and Ryugu.

Rationale

Understanding the evolution of C-type asteroids is important as they are likely to be a significant contributor to the volatile budget of the Earth. Soon after their accretion within the protoplanetary disk, C-complex asteroids were heated sufficiently to melt water ice (Fujiya et al., 2012). Interaction of this water with co-accreted minerals and glasses produced a suite of secondary minerals including phyllosilicates, sulphides and carbonates. Although they are a volumetrically minor component, the carbonates can provide detailed information on the nature and evolution of the parent body fluids, including their chemical composition, temperature, pH and Eh, which can itself reveal the length scale and longevity of the aqueous system (Guo and Eiler 2007; Lee et al., 2014). In addition to conventional analytical tools, this project proposes to use the evolving technique of atom probe tomography (APT), which has recently been shown to yield unique insights into the nanoscale chemical and isotopic compositions of carbonate minerals in the carbonaceous chondrite meteorites (Daly et al., 2018).

Methods

The meteorite samples will be studied using conventional scanning electron microscopy techniques to locate, petrographically characterise and chemically analyse the carbonates. Data on their carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions will be available from work ongoing at the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, and new analyses for the project using nanoSIMS. APT will be undertaken in the UK (Oxford University), or at partner organisations in Australia (Sydney and Curtin universities).

Knowledge background of the student

The project is suitable for a graduate with a good honours degree in Geology or Earth Science with an interest in Planetary Science.

Career prospects

This project will equip the student with skills in planetary science, mineralogy and geochemistry, which could lead to employment in areas such as resource exploration, environmental management and space science.

References

• Daly, L. et al. (2018) Atom probe tomography of nanoscale structures in carbonates from the Queen Elizabeth Range (QUE) 93005 CM2 carbonaceous chondrite: implications for the evolution of parent body fluids. 81st Annual Meeting of The Meteoritical Society (LPI Contrib. No. 2067),
  abstract #6239.
• Fujiya W., Sugiura N., Hotta H., Ichimura K., and Sano Y. 2012. Evidence for the late formation of hydrous asteroids from young meteoritic carbonates. Nature Communications 3, 627.
• Guo W. and Eiler J. M. 2007. Temperatures of aqueous alteration and evidence for methane generation on the parent bodies of the CM chondrites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71, 5565–5575.
• Lee M. R., Lindgren P. and Sofe M. R. (2014) Aragonite, breunnerite, calcite and dolomite in the CM carbonaceous chondrites: high fidelity recorders of progressive

Contact the principal supervisor with any questions: Martin.Lee@Glasgow.ac.uk

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Baffin Island plume development and evolution (Dr Lydia Hallis)

Supervisors: Dr Lydia Hallis

Project aim:

1. Characterise sample mineralogy, via SEM analyses, and locate olivine-bound glassy melt inclusions
2. Use SEM EDX and WDX in combination to determine inclusion chemistry. This will allow for the differentiation of samples from the previously reported depleted and enriched plume sources. Melt inclusion chemistry will also indicate if crustal assimilation or sea-water contamination has affected any of the samples.
3. Use LA-ICP-MS to measure inclusion trace-element chemistry (including REE), to again look for crustal assimilation and contamination.
4. Crush olivine separates of each sample to gain 3He/4He isotopic data, in order to determine if these samples originate from an undegassed, deep mantle source, as suggested by previous Baffin Island picrite analyses.

Studies of the trace-element, radiogenic-isotope, and noble gas isotope characteristics of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) and ocean-island basalts (OIBs) reveal the existence of domains within Earth’s mantle that have experienced distinct evolutionary histories. Although alternative theories exist, most studies suggest that high 3He/4He ratios in some OIBs indicate the existence of relatively undegassed regions in the deep mantle compared to the upper mantle, which retain a greater proportion of their primordial He. Study of the chemistry of these deep mantle regions can thus provide information relating to the Earth’s original composition, and the building blocks it formed from.

The Baffin Bay Volcanic Province erupted ~58 million years ago, during the rifting apart of Greenland and Baffin Island, which formed the Davis Strait. The resulting picrites are among the earliest manifestations of the ancestral Iceland mantle plume, and are thought to have a composition that reflects little fractionation from the mantle source. Based on the trace element compositions of chilled margins and glasses from the Baffin Bay picrites, Robillard et al. (1992) demonstrated that both slightly depleted lavas (similar to NMORBS) and slightly enriched lavas (similar to E-MORBS) were erupted. Both N-type and E-type picrites from this location have been reported to contain the highest 3He/4He ratios of any terrestrial samples yet measured, at between 31 and 50 Ra. These high 3He/4He ratios highlight the undegassed nature of the Baffin Island mantle plume material, indicating it has been largely isolated from mantle mixing over geological time.

The PhD candidate will analyse the mineralogy, petrology and chemistry of 5 unstudied Baffin Island picrites, originally collected from north-east Padloping Island in 2004. The aim of the project is to determine if the Baffin Island source region has been truly isolated from crustal recycling and mantle mixing throughout Earth history.

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MSc by Research

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AccOrD: Accretionary Orogenesis Driving the Preservation of Continental Interiors over Geologic Time (MSc by Research)

Supervisors: Paul R. Eizenhöfer, Dr Iain Neill

Background and outline

Most present-day continents such as the Americas, Africa or Eurasia contain ancient crust that was formed in Mesoarchean to Palaeoproterozoic times (<3.2 billion years ago). In the literature, these tectonic units are commonly known as cratons.

In general, they are surrounded by younger sedimentary platforms, continental basins, geologically younger mountain belts and regions of crustal extensions. Despite their involvement in multiple supercontinent cycles and undergoing various tectonic processes such as oceanic subduction, continental collision, magmatism and rifting events along their margins and interiors over billions of years, cratons have proven remarkably persistent over geologic time scales. Understanding their evolution provides not only insights into the early Earth since the Mesoarchean but also can be extrapolated to understand planetary crustal evolution in our Solar System and elsewhere. However, the factors that facilitate the preservation of continental interiors and cratons on Earth are still a matter of debate (e.g., Pearson et al., 2021).

Similarly, the tectonic mechanisms that nurture continental and cratonic destruction remain largely unresolved. The project will test the hypothesis, if oceanic subduction is accompanied by sustained accretionary processes, then any continental interior, such as cratonic cores, will be more likely preserved while more destructive tectonic processes shift to outwards positions. To test this hypothesis, this study will conduct a targeted sedimentary provenance analysis along the northern margin of the North China Craton. Seventeen bedrock samples of Palaeozoic sedimentary strata have been collected along the northern margin of the North China Craton.

Their depositional ages range from the Ordovician to Permian. These samples will be subjected to in-situ zircon U-Pb, Hf and O analyses as well as whole-rock geochemical analyses to identify their sedimentary provenance, and, hence, the nature of the Palaeozoic subduction environment along the craton margin.

Desired skills/knowledge background of the applicant:

Applicants can come from geology, environmental geoscience, or physical geography disciplines as long as they have demonstrated experience relevant to the preferred topic from the project outline above (e.g., an undergraduate dissertation, specific training in a relevant skill, or other project experience). GIS, Google Earth, and basic programming skills such as MATLAB or Python would be very helpful.

Career prospects:

The student will develop transferable skills such as work and communication in an international research group, data and project management. These skills make the student highly competitive to a career in data-driven Earth System science. The student will be highly employable in the fields of environmental consulting, hazard research, and land management. The project has the potential to be developed towards a PhD study.

Bench fees: £3750 

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Evolution of Fluvial Systems ­– Nature vs. Model

Supervisors: Dr Amanda Owen,  Dr Paul Eizenhöfer

Background and outline

Fluvial systems are a primary driver of long-term (Myr) landscape evolution. Their geomorphology, erosional features and sedimentary products are accessible archives to decipher climatic and tectonics conditions that shaped such landscapes (Bishop, 2007). Numerical landscapes evolution models (Tucker & Hancock, 2010) are often employed to test hypotheses that are concerned with climate/tectonic interaction over geologic time scales. These models can simulate a variety of surface processes such as hillslope diffusion and fluvial erosion. Based on idealised theoretical concepts of erosion and deposition (e.g., Davy & Lague), the predicted landscapes often appear to be strikingly similar to natural landscapes (e.g., Eizenhöfer et al., 2019).

However, the question remains unanswered at what temporal and spatial scales these models reflect the natural world. How does the natural complexity of a fluvial system from source to sink compare to that of modelled ones? This project aims to quantify modelled and natural fluvial systems and identify caveats in applying numerical landscape evolution models to the natural world. The student will employ numerical landscape evolution models to simulate fluvial systems, and then compare geomorphological and sedimentological metrics from both, predicted and a range of natural fluvial systems worldwide

Desired skills/knowledge background of the applicant

Basic programming skills such as in MATLAB or Python (not essential).

Career prospects

The student will develop transferable skills such as work and communication in an international research group and project management. These skills make the student highly competitive to a career in data-driven, computational Earth System science. The student will be highly employable in the fields of environmental consulting, hazard research, and land management.

Project can be expanded to pursue a PhD degree.

References 

1. Bishop, P. (2007). Long‐term landscape evolution: linking tectonics and surface processes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms: the Journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group, 32(3), 329-365.
2. Davy, P., & Lague, D. (2009). Fluvial erosion/transport equation of landscape evolution models revisited. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 114(F3).
3. Eizenhöfer, P. R., McQuarrie, N., Shelef, E., & Ehlers, T. A. (2019). Landscape response to lateral advection in convergent orogens over geologic time scales. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 124(8), 2056-2078.
4. Tucker, G. E., & Hancock, G. R. (2010). Modelling landscape evolution. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 35(1), 28-50.

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Cement Waste Carbonation for Carbon Capture (Dr John MacDonald)

Supervisor: (john.macdonald.3@glasgow.ac.uk)

Aim

This project will investigate the natural capture of carbon dioxide by a legacy cement waste heap.

Rationale of the project

Cement manufacture involves smelting raw materials (predominantly limestone and clay) in a furnace at ~2000 °C which produces gravel- to cobble-sized cement clinker, which is subsequently ground up to become cement powder. Some clinker may be discarded for quality-control reasons and has historically been dumped in heaps around cement works. The clinker is composed of highly reactive minerals (this is what gives cement its desired properties), which are far from equilibrium in the natural environment and, similar to other industrial smelting products like steel slag, react with atmospheric CO₂ to precipitate calcium carbonate (calcite). This reaction, which draws down atmospheric CO₂, merits further investigation as it may present an opportunity to limit or reduce atmospheric CO₂ concentrations which are increasing global temperatures. In order to address the feasibility of this, various questions need to be addressed such as how much CO₂ could waste cement clinker sequester, and what are the mechanics of the calcite precipitation.

Methods

Samples of cement clinker have been collected from a former cement works near Wishaw in Scotland. A small cliff section through a bank of partially ground discarded clinker shows irregular layering and a range of textures. Photography and logging of this cliff will provide context to subsequent petrographic and XRD analysis to determine the mineralogy. µCT analysis will be conducted on samples to determine the spatial distribution and volume of calcite which has precipitated on the clinker.

Knowledge background of the student

The student should have a geoscience or chemistry background with a strong interest in climate change and its mitigation. Laboratory experience is desirable and a willingness to learn new techniques in a laboratory environment is vital. A competent ability in scientific writing, gained through an undergraduate mapping or research project, is expected.

Career prospects

This MSc by Research project will give the student experience in advanced SEM techniques and familiarity with industrial residues and the opportunities they present. These skills will equip them for further research through a PhD or a career in a discipline relevant to climate change or environmental management.

Figure 1. Section through a waste cement deposit (left) and a close-up of calcite precipitated on the cement clinker (right).

Interested applicants should contact Dr. John MacDonald at: John.MacDonald.3@glasgow.ac.uk

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Evolution of the western Carboniferous Midland Valley Basin, Scotland (Dr Cristina Persano)

Supervisors: Dr Cristina Persano, Dr Amanda Owen, Dr Iain Neill

Project aim:

The aim of this project is to quantitatively reconstruct the source of Carboniferous sediments in the western portion of the Midland Valley and constrain the basin’s thermal evolution since its deposition. Data from this area will be integrated into a wider project based at the University of Glasgow to better understand the Carboniferous Midland Valley and its potential as an unconventional resource basin, including oil and geothermal energy.

Project rationale:

To date, the Carboniferous of the Midland Valley of Scotland has received considerably less attention than its Devonian counterpart. Carboniferous sedimentation and associated volcanism occurred in response to crustal extension, and the nature and source of sedimentary materials represents a delicate balance between tectonic processes operating both locally and across NW Europe, and sea level change. The Midland Valley has provided important sources of coal, aggregate and limestone which fuelled Scotland’s industrial revolution, and is today the source of much interest for low-enthalpy geoenergy resources close to our main towns and cities (eg.Potential for deep geothermal energy in Scotland).

Although a stratigraphic framework is in place, detailed sedimentological and geochronological data is generally lacking due to urbanisation and a lack of outcrops being present in the central portion of the Midland Valley leading to gaps in knowledge. However, access to unique core from drilling associated with the Dalmarnock UK Geoenergy Observatories programme will shed light onto this economically significant basin through new geochronological and sedimentological studies.

In this project, quantified facies mapping techniques, zircon U-Pb dating and apatite fission track analyses will help understand fundamental scientific questions of the Scottish Carboniferous: whether a dominantly axial or transverse sediment routing system was present, the key source areas for sediment supply, and the post-depositional thermal history. Our group have already commenced work on the eastern Midland Valley, but for the first time we have an opportunity to continue this work in the western part of the basin. All aspects of these questions are critically important for this basin due to its economic significance as it is currently being explored to assess its viability as a geothermal resource. The approaches taken within this study will not only serve to answer questions specific to this basin but also serve as a methodological approach to resource (i.e. coal, shale gas, geothermal) identification, reservoir connectivity, and prediction of the best targets for exploitation in other under-utilized basins across the world.

Methods

The work is organized into two parts which interact and feedback on each other. The rock core will be fully logged by the student, its sedimentary characteristics and structures will then be used to quantitatively characterise facies to generate robust palaeogeographic interpretations. The portions of the sedimentary core allotted to Glasgow will undergo extensive petrographic investigations, and those, coupled with the logs, will guide a sampling strategy for the recovery of zircon and apatite grains. Apatites will undergo U-Pb dating and fission track analysis at the University of Glasgow, whilst entire zircon populations will undergo U-Pb dating and trace element analysis using laser ablation mass spectrometry, again at the University of Glasgow. The U-Pb ages will provide insights onto the provenance of the sediments, whereas the fission track data will constrain the thermal evolution of the basin.

The student will then integrate the different datasets in combination with regional data to produce a paleogeographic model for the western portion of the Carboniferous Midland Valley, which will then be integrated into ongoing work in our group to build a robust understanding of the origins and thermal history of this economically significant sedimentary basin.

Please note that there is a £1000 programme cost due from the student. This cost partially covers the student’s expenses to visit Nottingham for core sampling, for laboratory preparation, sample analysis, and subsequent conference/workshop presentations.

Knowledge background of the student

You must have a 2:1 in a relevant Geoscience degree. You must be enthusiastic about working in a laboratory and attentive to the Health and Safety procedures. You must be able to work independently, effectively managing your project, but also be part of the research team and work alongside other lab users, including postgraduate students and research fellows, in a vibrant, international environment.

Career prospects

Due to the multidisciplinary aspects to this project the chosen student will gain a host of skills. Research based skills including scientific writing, presentation (poster and oral) and outreach skills will be gained as part of this project. Scientific skills include training in logging of sedimentary core, quantitative facies analyses, U/Pb analysis of zircons and apatite fission track analyses, involving training in sample preparation and laser ablation mass spectrometry. Such skill sets are relevant for a future career in both industry (such as geothermal, oil and gas and mining) and academia (PhD programmes).

You will be eligible to attend a range of study- and career-enhancing workshops as part of their postgraduate training at the University of Glasgow.

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Quantifying the mineralogical controls on precious metal enrichment in the Rum layered intrusion, NW Scotland (Dr Joshua F Einsle)

Supervisors: Dr Joshua F Einsle, Dr John Faithfull, Dr Brian O’Driscoll (University of Manchester), and Dr Daniel Lonsdale (LIG Nanowise)

Project aim:

The Rum layered mafic intrusion (NW Scotland) provides an excellent opportunity for studying the processes by which platinum group metals (PGM) are mobilised and enriched during precious metal ore formation. Connecting the magmatic processes that operated in the Rum body with other economically significant layered intrusions relies on being able to quantitatively contextualise multiscale data to reveal the full complexity of the PGM mineral assemblage and distribution.  By combining advanced microscopy and microanalysis techniques with machine learning tools, this project will provide a statistically quantitative approach to understanding the PGM mineralisation in the Rum intrusion.  Working from the field and hand sample scales down to the grain scale, this project will look to correlate optical information (sub-micrometre optical microscopy and Raman mapping) with electron beam microanalysis to develop an efficient workflow for locating and describing nanoscale PGM grains in samples, while simultaneously preserving large scale context. This should result in a flexible tools set suitable for studying other energy critical element orebodies.

Project rationale:

Platinum group metals (PGM) are of increasing global importance due to their role in the automotive and electronics industries.  This demand drives a need to not only understand existing resources but investigate methods for enhanced recovery of PGM from previously extracted ore; a prospect whose economic viability depends on metal price(s). Interestingly, most of these reserves are associated with layered igneous intrusions, where chromite layers are enriched in PGM.

This project will leverage the strong lithological and structural similarities between the Rum Layered Suite and the world’s most productive PGM resource (the Bushveld Complex, South Africa) to help develop a holistic model for PGM enrichment in chromite more generally. As Rum is considerably younger and smaller, it should preserve valuable primary magmatic (chemical, textural) signatures which are not present in the Bushveld body. This makes Rum a valuable locality to examine PGM distribution and develop new approaches to the quantitative characterisation of the phases that control the distribution of the metals.  Previous efforts to map out these features using quantitative automated mineralogy tools on the electron microscope have been limited by the trade-off between automation throughput versus spatial resolution¹.

This project looks to apply correlative approaches using optical and electron microscopy combined with machine learning to produce statistically robust datasets describing the diversity and distribution of the mineral phases of interest. The advanced statistical approach to the correlative methods developed in this project will be generalisable for localising and identifying of other rare element grains in a range of geological settings.

Methods

This project will involve the student working on materials from the Isle of Rum. This can focus entirely on archived samples (e.g. materials in the Hunterian and previously collected materials) or fieldwork can be organised for acquiring fresh specimens. In order to understand the PGM enrichment process, the petrography, mineralogy and chemical composition of thin sections samples will be characterised by developing a correlative workflow moving from hand specimen to thin section (optical microscopy) and then onto the scanning electron scope utilizing x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS; at the University of Glasgow).

Analysing the EDS maps with open source machine learning tools^2,3 will produce quantitative phase maps which can be explored for both PGM phases as well as textural relationships revealed through the phase maps. These statistically derived mineral phase relationships will be used to derive statistically robust datasets based on the full range of grain sizes down to the nanoscale which are connected across multiple thin sections.

Further, the data driven localisation of PGM grains will be used to inform optical inspection techniques (leveraging advanced nanooptics developed by LIG Nanowise) and look at developing an efficient process for inverting this workflow. There is also scope to explore applications of electron backscatter diffraction and/or x-ray tomography in understanding PGM enrichment growth processes. We envisage that the workflows and analytical methods developed here will be redeployable across a broad range of geological applications in petrology, mineralogy and beyond.

Knowledge background of the student

The student should have a background in geosciences, computer and or data science, or the physical sciences. Laboratory experience is desirable although not essential but a willingness to learn new techniques in a laboratory environment is vital. The student will become familiar with scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy, nanooptics and data science methods. A competent ability in scientific writing, gained through an undergraduate mapping or research project, is expected.

Career prospects

This project will equip the student with skills in mineralogy, microscopy and microanalysis as well as data science techniques. This could lead to several possible roles in the microscopy industry, materials science, data science and the mineral resource/extractive industries or a PhD position. Partnership with LIG Nanowise will provide industrial experience for the student and provide useful insight into differences between commercial and research approaches.

References

1. O’Driscoll, B., Butcher, A. R. & Latypov, R. New insights into precious metal enrichment on the Isle of Rum, Scotland. Geol. Today 30, 134–141 (2014).
2. Einsle, J. F. et al. All Mixed Up: Using Machine Learning to Address Heterogeneity in (Natural) Materials. Microsc. Microanal.24, 562–563 (2018)
3. Peña, F. de la et al. HyperSpy 1.1.2. (2017). doi:10.5281/ZENODO.240660

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Data driven approaches for unmixing meteoritic magnetic mineralogy (Dr Joshua F Einsle)

Supervisors: Dr Joshua F. Einsle, , Dr Ian MacLaren (School of Physics & Astronomy), Dr Alex Eggeman (Manchester)

Project aim:

The proposed project will leverage big data techniques to analyse complex crystallographic and chemical data of magnetic minerals from iron-nickel meteorites.  The magnetic properties of the ‘cloudy zone’, a nanoscale iron-nickel intergrowth, are of interest since it both records the magnetic history of the proto-planet (planetesimal) where the. Application of data deconvolution techniques like clustering have revealed a complex chemical and crystallographic environment.

The project will look at testing these results by examining the composition and crystallography from a series of iron-nickel meteorites displaying different cooling histories.  By mapping out the microstructures throughout the thermodynamic phase space, it will be possible to better constrain planetesimal cooling rates and develop a better understanding for the low-temperature synthesis of these Fe-Ni alloys.

Project rationale:

Rare-earth permanent magnets play a critical role in green technologies such as wind turbines and electric vehicles^1–4.  These elements are mainly sourced from a limited number of countries, many of which suffer from complex political situations. A desire for secure and ethical materials drives a strong global interest in developing low cost alternatives for permanent magnetic materials. 

Recently, Goto et al⁵ have developed a low-temperature laboratory based method for the synthesis of the ordered iron-nickel alloy, tetrataenite.  This alloy naturally forms of years allows for diffusion to form a nanoscale intergrowth called the cloudy zone ^6,7. The finest region of the cloudy zone possesses a high magnetic coercively due to the 50 nm (or less) particles of tetrataenite being magnetically aligned and surrounded by a different ordered Fe-Ni alloy matrix. These properties provide a natural analogue to rare-earth permanent magnet materials.

The synthetic process above can only be optimised through a better understanding of the low temperature phase space recorded in the cloudy zone microstructures of meteorites with different cooling rates. These experiments will build on the recently reported data driven approaches for examining these nanoscale mineral phases but extend them in two critical methods⁷. Using the direct electron detector on the MagTEM microscope in the Kelvin Centre for Nanotechnology (KNC)-Glasgow we will be able to undertake high-resolution electron diffraction experiments exploring the chemical ordering in the matrix. Additionally, Lorentz mode convergent beam diffraction patterns allow for the mapping of sample magnetization.

Further, there is scope to extend the analytical techniques at KNC, by correlating measurements with the atomic resolution elemental mapping available at SuperSTEM. Using the correlative microanalysis tools, all three data sets can be overlaid and analysed in parallel to understand how chemistry and crystal structure in the two phases produce the magnetic behaviour of the cloudy zone. This will extend the correlative microanalysis framework by incorporating functional properties of the material studied.

Methods

The cloudy zone of Fe-Ni meteorites consists of two similar cubic crystal structures with similar chemical compositions. As such data deconvolution approaches have been critical to understanding how these two phases formed as the parent body cooled.  This project will focus on developing correlative data science approaches for examining spectroscopic and crystallographic data in parallel allowing covariance in data sets to be revealed. Studies will be conducted on archived meteorite samples. The collection of new data sets will be facilitated training in electron microscopy techniques. Then analysis will be performed using open source Python based packages, such as Hyperspy, and Scikit-learn.

Knowledge background of the student

The student should have a background in geosciences, computer and or data science, or the physical sciences. Laboratory experience is desirable although not essential but a willingness to learn new techniques in a laboratory environment is vital. The student will become familiar with electron microscopy and microanalysis (both crystallographic and spectroscopic techniques). The focus will be on the application and further development of data science approaches to the analysis of microanalytical data. A competent ability in scientific writing, gained through an undergraduate mapping or research project, is expected.

Career prospects

This project will equip the student with skills in mineralogy, microscopy and microanalysis as well as data science techniques. This could lead to several possible roles in the materials science (including renewable technologies) and microscopy fields, as well as space exploration, data science and the mineral resource/extractive industries or a PhD position.

References:

1. Grandell, L. et al. Role of critical metals in the future markets of clean energy technologies. Renew. Energy 95, 53–62 (2016).
2. Riba, J.-R., López-Torres, C., Romeral, L. & Garcia, A. Rare-earth-free propulsion motors for electric vehicles: A technology review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 57, 367–379 (2016).
3. Widmer, J. D., Martin, R. & Kimiabeigi, M. Electric vehicle traction motors without rare earth magnets. Sustain. Mater. Technol. 3, 7–13 (2015).
4. Lewis, L. H. et al. Inspired by nature: investigating tetrataenite for permanent magnet applications. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 26, 064213 (2014).
5. Goto, S. et al. Synthesis of single-phase L10-FeNi magnet powder by nitrogen insertion and topotactic extraction. Sci. Rep. 7, 1–7 (2017).
6. Bryson, J. F. J. et al. Long-lived magnetism from solidification-driven convection on the pallasite parent body. Nature 517, 472–475 (2015).
7. Einsle, J. F. et al. Nanomagnetic properties of the meteorite cloudy zone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 115, (2018).

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Geological history of an unknown protoplanet: The Ureilite meteorites (Dr Luke Daly)

Supervisors: Dr Luke Daly, Prof Martin Lee

Project aim:

The Ureilite meteorites are an enigma as we do not know what parent planet they originated from. This project aims to determine the geological history of the Ureilite meteorites to aid in the search for their parent body/bodies.

Project rationale:

The Ureilite meteorites are an anomalous type of achondrite meteorite. They represent igneous rocks from a differentiated planetesimal, one that was large enough to separate into a core, mantle and crust, potentially as large as Mercury or Mars. There are however, no good candidates in our solar system for the source of the Ureilite meteorites and it is not clear that they come from the same body at all.

The Ureilite meteorites are interesting as they are rich in carbon that is concentrated in diamonds, that could have formed during intense shock metamorphism during planetary break up or during long-lived high pressure metamorphism in a planetary mantle. A comparative study of the petrography and deformation histories of these meteorites is vital to understand the formation evolution and destruction of planetesimals in our Solar System.

Methods

Urelite meteorites have been aquired from the Smithsonian Institute. The petrography, mineralogy and chemical composition of meteorite samples will be characterised by scanning electron microscopy techniques in particular electron backscatter diffraction to unpick their deformation history/histories derived from thermal and shock metamorphism.

Additional programme cost: £1,000

Knowledge background of the student

The project is suitable for a graduate with a good honours degree in geology, Earth science or materials science. Laboratory experience is desirable - particularly use of SEM - and a willingness to learn new techniques in a laboratory environment is vital. A competent ability in scientific writing, gained through an undergraduate mapping or research project, is expected.

Career prospects

This MSc by research project will equip the student with skills in mineralogy, crystallography and geochemistry. Additionally, this MSc by research project will give the student experience in advanced SEM techniques and handling big datasets. These skills could lead to employment in areas such as extractive industries or environmental management. There are also many opportunities for PhD research in planetary science in the UK and internationally.

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Bubbling Over – Computer Simulations of Lava Lake Convection (Tobias Keller)

Supervisor: Tobias Keller

Project aim:

You will characterise the dynamics of convection for active lava lakes around the world by means of custom-built computer simulations. The aim is to better understand the flow of lava driven by bubbles of volcanic gas through the plumbing system of persistently active volcanoes.

Project rationale:

Lava lakes provide a rare window into the plumbing system of volcanoes. A recent study  Lev et al., 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.04.010.] has synthesised observations on the handful of currently active lava lakes world-wide and found a correlation between the observed flux of volcanic gas through the lake surface and the speed of lava flowing along it. The observed flow regimes vary between slow, plate-like creep and fast, churning flow.

Our current understanding is that the mode of convection depends on the chemistry, and temperature of the lava, on the geometry of the lake bed and the conduit feeding into it, and on the flux of volcanic gas passed through the system. The gas derives from exsolution of volatiles deeper down in the conduit and forms bubbles entrained in the lava. However, the relative importance of each factor remains unclear. A recent modelling study [Birnbaum et al., preprint, arXiv.org: 1907.02899] has developed computer simulations that can help to unravel the internal dynamics of lava lakes. You will extend this promising approach to study all currently active lava lakes world-wide.

Methods

You will extend a custom-built multi-phase flow simulator to test how lava lake convection driven by buoyant bubbles of volcanic gas depends on factors including lava crystallinity as a function of its chemistry and temperature, the geometry of the lake bed and conduit, and the influx of gas from deeper down.

You will systematically test a range of model parameters and analyse the resulting output to find overarching trends and systematic flow regimes that help explain the internal dynamics of convecting lava lakes.

Finally, you will compare your findings to observational records of surface flow speed and gas flux from currently active lava lakes and discuss what insights the simulations can reveal about these complex natural systems. The simulation code is written in Matlab and has been tested on a limited parameter range. You will have the opportunity to implement additional code features and develop post-processing scripts to analyse output. If your prior coding experience is limited you will be given sufficient training to accomplish these tasks.

Additional programme cost: £1,000

Knowledge background of the student

You will have a background either in Earth Sciences, Geology, or Geophysics, with an interest in computer modelling, or a degree in Physics, Applied Math, or Engineering, with an interest in Geology and Volcanology. Basic skills in Matlab or similar language are desirable.

Career prospects

This project will help you develop skills in quantitative analysis, numerical modelling, code development, and project management. These skill are essential for pursuing a career in academic research, but also valuable for related industrial, engineering, or public service careers.

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Onwards and Upwards – Modelling Gravitational Stability of Magma Mush (Tobias Keller)

Supervisor: Tobias Keller

Project aim:

You will characterise the gravitational stability and diapiric rise of magma lenses in crustal mush bodies by means of custom-built computer simulations. The aim is to better understand the time and length scales of magma ascent and intrusion in the mid to upper crust.

Project rationale:

Magma ascending from sources in the upper mantle is either emplaced as plutonic rocks or erupted at active volcanoes. The processing of magma through the crust remains poorly understood, but observations point towards the existence of vertically extensive bodies of crystal-rich magma mush, within which transient melt-rich magma lenses can form [Cashman et al., 2017, doi: 10.1126/science.aag3055.]. These magma lenses can become gravitationally unstable and rise as diapirs into overlying crustal layers.

The time and length scales of magma ascent are likely controlled by the chemistry and temperature of the magma, the deformational properties of the surrounding crust, and the flux of magma fed from the melt source beneath. As these processes are inaccessible to direct observation, many aspects remain unresolved. This project is based on a recent study [Seropian et al., 2018, doi: 10.1029/2018JB015523.] that combines analogue modelling and mathematical analysis to elucidate the gravitational stability of magma lenses in mush bodies.

You will complement the ongoing analogue modelling efforts of collaborators at the University of Bristol by means of custom-built numerical simulations. 

Methods

You will use simulations of magma flow and rock deformation to test how the gravitational stability of magma lenses depends on the deformational properties of magma mush and wall rock, the structure of the crust, and the flux of melt from sources below.

You will reproduce analogue model results to benchmark the code before scaling simulations up from laboratory to crustal scales. You will systematically test model parameters and analyse the results to identify pertinent length and time scales of magma ascent that help explain the internal dynamics of crustal magma processing.

Finally, you will compare your findings to observational records of plutonic rock complexes, crustal tomography, and volcanic output. The simulation code is written in Matlab and has been tested on a limited parameter range.

You will have the opportunity to implement additional code features and develop post-processing scripts to analyse output. If your prior coding experience is limited you will be given sufficient training to accomplish the required tasks. You will regularly communicate with Prof. Alison Rust (Bristol), who leads the analogue modelling efforts this study relates to.

Additional programme cost: £1,000

Knowledge background of the student

You will have a background either in Earth Sciences, Geology, or Geophysics, with an interest in computer modelling, or a degree in Physics, Applied Math, or Engineering, with an interest in Geology and Volcanology. Basic skills in Matlab or similar language are desirable.

Career prospects

This project will help you develop skills in quantitative analysis, numerical modelling, code development, and project management. These skill are essential for pursuing a career in academic research, but also valuable for related industrial, engineering, or public service careers.

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Reconstructing terrestrial Scottish Carboniferous palaeoclimate through clumped isotope analysis of sideritic ironstones (Dr John MacDonald)

Supervisors: Dr John MacDonald and Dr John Faithfull (Hunterian Museum)

Project aim:

This project seeks to precisely and quantitatively reconstruct late Carboniferous palaeotemperatures in the Midland Valley of Scotland with sideritic ironstones, using a combination of fieldwork, petrography and innovative clumped isotope laboratory analysis.

Project rationale:

Terrestrial palaeoclimate can be reconstructed in a qualitative fashion from fossil and palynological records. Quantitative proxies for quantitatively and precisely reconstructing ancient terrestrial palaeotemperatures are more limited. The relatively recently developed clumped isotope palaeotemperature proxy has been widely used in marine palaeoclimatic reconstructions, utilising the ability of molecular isotopic arrangements in the calcite shells of marine organisms to record seawater temperatures.

For ancient terrestrial palaeotemperatures, another carbonate mineral – siderite – gives the opportunity to apply clumped isotopes. In the Scottish Carboniferous, siderite is found in ironstones, such as the Musselband Ironstone. These sideritic ironstones represent non-marine horizons and can therefore be used to reconstruct terrestrial palaeoclimate.

Methods

Using a combination of samples collected in the field, and from the UK Geoenergy Observatories programme core from Dalmarnock near Glasgow, the student will undertake a multi-proxy research approach to reconstructing Scottish Carboniferous palaeoclimate.

You will conduct fieldwork to log and sample ironstones in central Scotland and integrate these with samples obtained from the Dalmarnock borehole and its associated records.

You will make thin sections of the samples and conduct optical petrography to quantify the mineralogy and textures of the sideritic ironstones. Samples will then be prepared for clumped isotope analysis, from which siderite precipitation temperatures – and therefore past surface temperatures – will be reconstructed. Full training will be given in all techniques.

Additional programme cost: £1,000

Knowledge background of the student

The student should have a geology background with an interest in sedimentology, stratigraphy and palaeoclimate. Laboratory experience is desirable although not essential but a willingness to learn new techniques in a laboratory environment is vital. A competent ability in scientific writing, gained through an undergraduate mapping or research project, is expected.

Career prospects

This MSc by Research project will give the student experience in cutting-edge analytical techniques such as clumped isotopes, along with a range of general research skills. These skills will equip them for further research through a PhD or a career in the environmental sector where knowledge of climate parameters is important.

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Denudation on the Himalayas: where, when, how much? (Dr Cristina Persano)

Supervisors: Dr Cristina Persano, Dr Martin Hurst and Dr Gyana Ranjan Tripathy (Department of Earth and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune,  India)

Project aim:

This project aims to reconstruct the temporal and spatial distribution of denudation across the Himalayas in the late Cenozoic to assess their contribution, over time, to the global sediment systems. Denudation will be constrained using published low temperature thermochrometric data (mica and feldspars Ar/Ar, apatite and zircon fission track and (U-Th-Sm)/He analyses).

The proposed research objectives are to (i) build a database of mineral cooling ages that will be be made publicly available to academics; (ii) use the thermochronometric data to build cooling isoage surfaces across the mountain belt to constrain its spatial and temporal development; (iii) reconstruct exhumation rates through time and, using mass balance calculations, quantitatively compare them with the volume of sediments offshore, to identify the Himalayas contribution as a global source of sediments.

Project rationale:

The Himalayas are one of the biggest topographic features on our planet and a ‘landscape of extremes’. It is on the Himalayas, for examples, that the highest summits, relief and erosion rates are recorded.  The processes and locations of where erosion takes place and how they have varied through time is still unknown, as studies tend to focus on one particular area, rather than the entire belt.

The Himalayas, however, are so big that they influence the global climate and they represent a source of sediments that is significant, although still unquantified, for the sediment budget of all the planet. On the other end, climate and, in particular, the alternation of a wet and dry monsoon has an important effect on the present erosion rates, but how climate and tectonic processes interacted with each other in the past to produce the mountain belt we see now is not very well understood. The plethora of thermochrometric data now available from the literature permits to reconstruct denudation through time across the entire mountain range.  

Methods

The project requires to build an archive of thermochronometric data on a platform, probably based on excel, that will be available to the academic world. The data will be used to build ‘isoage contours’ that take the rock age-present elevation relationship into account to reconstruct the denudational history of the entire mountain belt in a GIS environment.

Additional programme cost: £1,000

Knowledge background of the student

Student with a minimum 2:1 in a relevant degree (e.g. Geoscience, Physical Geography). The student will need to have a good mathematical background (Calculus 1 would be desirable, or at least Math at higher level).

Career prospects

The student will receive training in the use of numerical modelling and GIS software packages. Research based skills including scientific writing, presentation (poster and oral) and outreach skills will be gained as part of this project. Such skill sets are relevant for a future career in both industry (geospatial, geological) and academia (PhD programmes).

The student will be eligible to attend a range of study- and career-enhancing workshops as part of their postgraduate training at the University of Glasgow.

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We aim to advance fundamental, quantitative understanding of critical geological phenomena on Earth and across the Solar System to solve scientific, engineering, and societal challenges.