Library

First citation format:

Required information: Author’s first name + surname, Italicised Title of Book: Subtitle of book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year published), “p.” page number/s if specific citation

Example: ¹ Pía M. Coira, By poetic authority: The rhetoric of panegyric in Gaelic poetry of Scotland to c. 1700 (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2012)

Second citation format:

Required information: Author’s surname, page number/s if specific citation

Example: ²Coira, p. 100.

Note: Include the shortened version of the book title in your reference if your work refers to more than one text by the same author.

Bibliography format:

Required information: Author’s surname, first name, Italicised Title of Book: Subtitle of book (Place of publication: Publisher, year published) 

Example: Coira, Pía M., By poetic authority: The rhetoric of panegyric in Gaelic poetry of Scotland to c. 1700 (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2012)

First citation format:

Required information: Author’s first name + surname repeated up to three authors, Italicised Title of Book: Subtitle of book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year published), page number/s

Example: ¹Raymond Clemens, Timothy Graham,  An introduction to manuscript studies (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008), pp. 90–102 

Example: ¹Peter Drewett, David Rudling, Mark Gardiner, The South East to AD 1000, A Regional History of England, ed. by Barry Cunliffe, David Hey (London-New York: Longman, 1998), p. 74

Note: if more than three authors, only write “[first author (sur)name] and others”, e.g.: ¹ Colmán Etchingham and others, Norse-Gaelic Contacts in a Viking World (Turnhout: Brepols, 2019), pp. 19–37

Second citation format:

Required information: Author’s surname repeated up to three authors, page number/s if specific citation 

Example: ²Clemens, Graham, p. 105

Example: ²Drewett, Rudling, Gardiner, p. 86

Note: if more than three authors, only write “[first author (sur)name] and others”, e.g.: ² Etchingham and others, p. 40. Remember to also include the shortened version of the book title in your reference if your work refers to more than one text by the same pair/group of authors.

Bibliography format:

Required information: Author’s surname, first name repeated up to three authors, Italicised Title of Book: Subtitle of book, Editor’s first name/s surname/s repeated up to three editors (Place of publication: Publisher, year published) 

Examples:

• Clemens, Raymond, Timothy Graham, An introduction to manuscript studies (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008) 
• Drewett, Peter, David Rudling, Mark Gardiner, The South East to AD 1000, A Regional History of England, ed. by Barry Cunliffe, David Hey (London-New York: Longman, 1998)

Note: Start the bibliography entry with the first author’s surname. Do not reverse the order for subsequent authors. If more than three authors, only write “[first author (sur)name] and others”, e.g.: Etchingham, Colmán and others, Norse-Gaelic Contacts in a Viking World (Turnhout: Brepols, 2019)

First citation format:

Required information: Author’s first name + surname, ‘Title of chapter’, in Italicised Title of Book: Subtitle of the Book, ed. by Editors first name/s + surname/s (Place of publication: Publisher, Year published), full page range of chapter (page number/s cited)

Example: ¹Dafydd Johnston, ‘Erotica and satire in medieval Welsh poetry’, in Obscenity: Social control and artistic creation in the European Middle Ages, ed. by Jan Ziolkowski (Leiden: Brill, 1998), pp. 60–72 (p. 65)

Example: ¹Joanna Martin, Kate L. Mathis, ‘Elegy and commemorative writing’, in The International Companion to Scottish literature, 1400‒1650, ed. by Nicola Royan (Glasgow: Scottish Literature International, 2018) pp. 173‒99 (pp. 180‒82)

Second citation format:

Required information: Author’s surname, page number/s if specific citation 

Example: ²Johnston, p. 70

Example: ²Martin, Mathis, p. 180

Note: Remember to also include the shortened version of the book title in your reference if your work refers to more than one text by the same author/s. 

Bibliography format:

Required information: Author’s surname, first name, ‘Title of chapter’, in Italicised Title of Book: Subtitle of the Book, ed. by Editors first name/s + surname/s (Place of publication: Publisher, Year published).

Example: Johnston, Dafydd, ‘Erotica and satire in medieval Welsh poetry’, in  Obscenity: Social control and artistic creation in the European Middle Ages, ed. by Jan Ziolkowski (Leiden: Brill, 1998)

Note: Authors’ names, not editors, should be given for the bibliography entry. Do not include page range of chapters in the bibliography entry for chapters.

First citation format:

Required information: Author’s first name + surname, ‘Title of article’, Italicised Title of Journal, series number (if available), volume number. Issue number (if necessary) (Year of publication), page range, actual page number referenced.

Example: ¹Morgan Kay, ‘Gendered postcolonial discourse in the Mabinogi’, Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium, 24–25 (2004–2005), 216–28 (p. 220) 

Example: ¹Alex Woolf, ‘On the nature of the Picts’, The Scottish Historical Review,  96.2 (2017), 214–17

Second citation format:

Required information: Author’s surname, page number/s if specific citation

Example: ²Kay, p. 219

Note: Remember to also include the shortened version of the article title in your reference if your work refers to more than one text by the same author/s.

Bibliography format:

Required information: Author’s surname, first name, ‘Title of article’, Italicised Title of Journal, series number (if available), volume number. Issue number (if necessary) (Year of publication), page range.

Example: Kay, Morgan, ‘Gendered postcolonial discourse in the Mabinogi’, Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium, 24–25 (2004–2005), 216–28 

Example: Woolf, Alex, ‘On the nature of the Picts’, The Scottish Historical Review, 96.2 (2017), 214–17 

Note: Start the bibliography entry with the first author’s surname. Do not reverse the order for subsequent authors. Use of “pp.” for page range not required.

First citation format:

Required information: Author’s first name + surname, ‘Title of article’, Italicised Title of Journal, series number (if available), volume number.issue number (if necessary) (Year of publication), page range, actual page number referenced <URL> [date accessed] (location of passage if not paginated, e.g. para. 4).

Example: ¹Michel Byrne, ‘A Window on the Late Eighteenth-Century Scottish Highlands: The Songs of Mairearad Ghriogarach’, Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium 30 (2010), 39–60 <https: //www.jstor.org/stable/41219651> [accessed June 29 2020]

Note: citations with DOI (Digital Object Identifier) links don’t require “accessed” information.

Second citation format:

Required information: Author’s surname, page number/s if specific citation

Example: ²Byrne, p. 40

Example: ²Barlow, p. 480

Note: Remember to also include the shortened version of the article title in your reference if your work refers to more than one text by the same author/s

Bibliography format:

Required information: Author’s surname, first name, ‘Title of article’, Italicised Title of Journal, series number (if available), volume number.issue number (if necessary) (Year of publication), page range <URL> [date accessed]

Example: Byrne, Michel, ‘A Window on the Late Eighteenth-Century Scottish Highlands: The Songs of Mairearad Ghriogarach’, Proceedings of the Harvard Celtic Colloquium  30 (2010), 39–60 <https: //www.jstor.org/stable/41219651> [accessed June 29 2020]

Citation format:

Required information: Author’s first name + surname, ‘Title of article’, Italicised Title of Newspaper, date of publication, page range, actual page number referenced.

Example: ¹Michael Schmidt, ‘Tragedy of Three Star-Crossed Lovers’, Daily Telegraph, 1 February 1990, p. 14.

Note: for multiple authors, follow the same guidance as for books: include up to three authors in citations and bibliography; more than three authors, use “[first author name] and others”.

Second citation format:

Required information: Author’s surname, page number/s if specific citation 

Example:  Schmidt, p. 219

Bibliography format:

Required information: Author’s surname, first name, ‘Title of article’, Italicised Title of Newspaper, date of publication, page range.

Example: Schmidt, Michael ‘Tragedy of Three Star-Crossed Lovers’, Daily Telegraph, 1 February 1990, 14–15.

Note: Start the bibliography entry with the first author’s surname. Do not reverse the order for subsequent authors. Use of “pp.” for page range not required.

First citation format:

Required information: Author’s first name + surname, ‘Title of article’, Italicised Title of Newspaper, date of publication <URL> [date accessed]

Example: ¹Maev Kennedy, ‘From monsters to manga: golden age of art by the Celtic race that never was’, Guardian, 10 July 2015 <https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/jul/10/from-monsters-to-manga-golden-age-of-art-by-the-celtic-race-that-never-was> [accessed 29 June 2022]

Note: for multiple authors, follow the same guidance as for books: include up to three authors in citations and bibliography; more than three authors, use “[first author name] and others”.

Second citation format:

Required information: Author’s surname  

Example: ² Kennedy

Note: Remember to also include the shortened version of the article title in your reference if your work refers to more than one text by the same author/s.

Bibliography format:

Required information: Author’s first name + surname, ‘Title of article’, Italicised Title of Newspaper, date of publication, <URL> [date accessed]

Example: Kennedy, Maev, ‘From monsters to manga: golden age of art by the Celtic race that never was’, Guardian, 10 July 2015 <https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/jul/10/from-monsters-to-manga-golden-age-of-art-by-the-celtic-race-that-never-was> [accessed 29 June 2022]

Note: Start the bibliography entry with the first author’s surname. Do not reverse the order for subsequent authors. Use of “pp.” for page range not required.

First citation format:

Required information: Author first name + surname, ‘Title of Thesis or Dissertation’ (unpublished [level] thesis, name of institution, date of completion), page referenced.

Example: ¹R. J. Ingram, ‘Historical Drama in Great Britain from 1935 to the Present’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of London, Birkbeck College, 1988), p. 17.

Second citation format:

Required information: Author’s surname, page number/s if specific citation 

Example: ²Ingram, p. 18

Bibliography format:

Required information: Author surname, first name, ‘Title of Thesis or Dissertation’ (unpublished [level] thesis, name of institution, date of completion).

Example: Ingram, R. J., ‘Historical Drama in Great Britain from 1935 to the Present’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of London, Birkbeck College, 1988)

First citation format:

Required information: Author first name + surname (if available), ‘Webpage title’ (if available), Italicised Website title <URL> [Date accessed]

Note: Where there is no obvious author, begin citation with the webpage or site title

Example: ¹Sarah Higley, ‘Preiddiau Annwn: The Spoils of Annwn’, The Camelot Project <https: //d.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/text/preiddeu-annwn> [accessed 30 June 2020]

Example: ¹National Library of Scotland, ‘Bàird Ghàidhlig na Ceapaich/Gaelic Bards of Keppoch’ <https: //digital.nls.uk/learning/gaelic-bards> [accessed 30 June 2020]

Second citation format:

Required information: Author’s surname or webpage/site title 

Example: ²Higley, ‘Preiddiau Annwn’

Example: ²‘Bàird Ghàidhlig na Ceapaich’

Bibliography format:

Required information: Author first name and last name (if available), ‘Webpage title’ (if available), Italicised Website title <URL> [Date accessed] 

Example: Higley, Sarah, ‘Preiddiau Annwn: The Spoils of Annwn’, The Camelot Project <https: //d.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/text/preiddeu-annwn> [accessed 30 June 2020]

First citation format:

Required information: Author first name + surname (if available), ‘Post title’ (if available), Blog title <URL> [Date accessed]

Note: Where there is no obvious author, begin citation with the blog title.

Example: Stephen Andrew Hiltner, ‘On Press with “The Paris Review”’, Paris Review Blog <https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2012/03/01/on-press-with-the-paris-review/> [accessed 3 March 2020]

Example: ‘Newly Discovered Pictish Carved Stone’, Digital Medievalist < https://www.digitalmedievalist.com/2019/10/15/newly-discovered-pictish-carved-stone/> [accessed 3 March 2020]

Second citation format:

Required information: Author’s surname or post/blog title 

Example: ²Hiltner

Example: ²'Newly Discovered Pictish Carved Stone’

Bibliography format:

Required information: Author surname, first name (if available), ‘Post title’ (if available), Blog title <URL> [Date accessed] 

Example: Hiltner, Stephen A., ‘On Press with “The Paris Review”’, Paris Review Blog <https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2012/03/01/on-press-with-the-paris-review/> [accessed 3 March 2020]

First citation format:

Required information: Author’s first name + surname/Organisation’s full name, Italicised Title of report in italics, Internal [name of institution] report (Unpublished date), page number/s

Note: if report is electronic version, also add <URL>, [accessed date] to first footnote and bibliography

Example: ¹Louise Richards, Feedback From Staff Questionnaire On Management Support, Internal Jones and Trevor report. (Unpublished 2015), p. 2.

Second citation format:

Required information: Author’s surname/Organisation’s full name, page number/s if specific citation 

Example: ²Richards, p. 2.

Bibliography format:

Required information: Author’s surname, first name/Organisation’s full name, Italicised Title of report in italics, Internal [name of institution] report (Unpublished date), page number/s 

Example: Richards, Louise, Feedback From Staff Questionnaire On Management Support, Internal Jones and Trevor report. (Unpublished 2015)

First citation format:

Required information: Italicised short title of act including year (chapter number of the Act, abbreviated to ‘c.’) (Place: Publisher), page number/s

Example: ¹Housing Act 1996 (c.52) (London: HMSO), p. 5.

Note: If the Act was published prior to 1963, also include the following information prior to the chapter number of the Act: the year of reign of the monarch at the time the Act was introduced and the monarch’s name (which can be abbreviated), e.g. Charities Act 1960 (8&9 Eliz. 2, c.58) (London: HMSO).

Second citation format:

Required information: Italicised title of act including year, page number/s if specific citation 

Example: ²Housing Act 1996, p.24 

Bibliography format:

Required information: Italicised title of act including date (chapter number of the Act, abbreviated to ‘c.’) (Place: Publisher)

Example: Housing Act 1996 (c.52) (London: HMSO)

First citation format:

Required information: Italicised film title, Director’s first name + surname (Production company, Year) or ‘Title of episode’, Italicised name of series (Production/Distribution Company, Year)

Example: ¹The Grapes of Wrath, dir. by John Ford (20th Century Fox, 1940)

Example: ¹‘Nice Face’, Killing Eve (BBC America, 2018) 

Second citation format:

Required information: 

• Italicised film title
• ‘Episode title’

Example: ²The Grapes of Wrath

Example: ²‘Nice Face’ 

Bibliography format:

Required information: Director’s surname, first name, Italicised film title (Production company, Year)

Example: Ford, John, dir., The Grapes of Wrath (20th Century Fox, 1940)

Example: Killing Eve (BBC America, 2018) 

First citation format:

Required information: Italicised film title, Director’s first name + surname (Distribution company, Year) [Date accessed] or ‘Title of episode’, Italicised name of series (Production/Distribution Company, Year) [Date accessed] or Author’s first name + surname, Italicised title of video [Name of source followed by the word video], Organisation responsible if applicable, Date video posted [Date accessed].

Example: ¹The Grapes of Wrath, dir. by John Ford (20th Century Fox, 1940) [accessed 20 June 2022]

Example: ¹‘Nice Face’, Killing Eve (BBCiPlayer, 2018) [accessed 20 June 2022] 

Example: ¹David Ikard, The Dangers of Whitewashing Black History [You Tube video], TedxTalks, 13 June 2018 [accessed 20 June 2022] 

Note: If you are using a streaming service (such as BBC iPlayer) to view a film or television show recently broadcast on television then instead include the following information instead of the production/distribution company: the channel of broadcast, date of broadcast, and time of broadcast (if applicable), e.g. ‘Victory and defeat’, The Crusades, BBC4, 28 March 2019, 8.00pm [accessed 20 June 2022]. 

Second citation format:

Required information:

• Italicised film title (Year)
• ‘Episode title’ (Year)
• Author, Italicised title of video

Example: ²The Grapes of Wrath (1940)

Example: ²‘Nice Face’ (2018) 

Example: ²Ikard, The Dangers of Whitewashing Black History. 

Bibliography format:

Required information: Director’s surname, first name, Italicised film title (Distribution company, Year) [Date accessed] or Italicised name of series (Production/Distribution Company, Year) [Date accessed] or Author’s surname, first name, Italicised title of video [Name of source followed by the word video], Organisation responsible if applicable, Date video posted [Date accessed].

Example: Ford, John, dir., The Grapes of Wrath (20th Century Fox, 1940) [accessed 20 June 2022]

Example: Killing Eve (BBC iPlayer, 2018) [accessed 20 June 2022]

Example: Ikard, David, The Dangers of Whitewashing Black History [You Tube video], TedxTalks, 13 June 2018 [accessed 20 June 2022]